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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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four classifications of marine resources
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Non-extractive resources
Marine Energy resources Physical resources Biological resources |
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resource definition
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substance utilized by people
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this kind of resource cannot be replenished in a human lifetime and is present in fixed amounts
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non renewable resource
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this classification of resource uses the ocean as a resource
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non-extractive resources
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Non-extractive Resources
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Using the ocean as a resource bot NOT extracting resources FROM the ocean
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Non-extractive resource example
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Transporting people (cruse) and resources
Recreation Waste Disposal |
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Non-Extractive Resources are renewable or non-renewable?
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renewable
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This type of resource classification takes (extracts) energy FROM the ocean
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Marine Energy resources
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this type of resource classification comes directly from heat or the motion of ocean water
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Marine Energy resource
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Is marine energy a non renewable resource?
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no, its renewable but a hard way to get energy
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Examples of marine energy resources:
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waves/ currents
tidal power also wind and solar power |
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this classification of resource is tangible and useful substances from the seabed or ocean which results from deposition, precipitation, or accumulation.
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Physical resources
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are physical resources renewable or non?
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both
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Name the major physical resources
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FRESH WATER
SALT BASINS SAND/GRAVEL PETROLEUM & NAT GAS |
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which physical resources are non renewable?
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Petroleum and Natural Gass
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Fresh water is what kind of resource...
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RENEWABLE
-desalination captures clean water through reverse osmosis |
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Salt basins are what kind of resource?
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Renewable!
-seawater evaporation to recover salts for water softeners or building |
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Sand and Gravel are what kinds of resources?
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Renewable!
-mined offshore for construction, glass, cement... |
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petroleum and natural gas are what kinds or resources?
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NON RENEWABLE!
-crude oil and natural gass -seabed= source of 35% crude 28% nat gas marine organisms |
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most economically valuable resource
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petroleum/ nat gass
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this resource is surprisingly second in dollar value
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marine sand and gravel
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Biological resources are...
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living animals and plants collected for human use
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Biological resource examples
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fish, crustaceans, and molluscs
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the demand for petroleum & natural gas increases at what rate?
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2% a year
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how much pet&natgas is used globally?
by the us? |
1000 gallons/s used globally
and us uses 1/4 of that! |
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how much petroleum is guessed to be consumed in 2025?
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25% more than today's which is currently 1000 gallons/s
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marine sand and gravel is used for...
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construction
cement glass feed supplements |
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Salts are used for...
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water softeners
agriculture and fertilizers ice removal building materials food |
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Salts are extracted by...
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seawater evaporation of large salt ponds
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what is the most energy efficient mechanism in extracting fresh water?
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reverse-osmosis where water is pulled across and membrane leaving behind salts and such
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what are the major energy sources and why are they significant?
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solar
wind farms tidal energy clean and non consumptive sources that get energy directly from hear or motion of ocean water |
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how many metric tons of fish are commercially caught or grown yearly?
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100 million metric tons
(and less than 500 species are caught and processed) |
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what species represents the majority of fish caught?
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anchoveta
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what countries take in the most fish?
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china at 17.1 mill metric tons
Peru at 7 USA at 4.9 Indonesia at 4.8 Japan at 4.2 |
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diff between aquaculture and mariculture
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aquaculture includes seaweed and plants while mariculture deals only with farming of MARINE organisms (aquaculture grows or farms plants or animals)
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What are the major fishing methods?
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Trawling
Purse seine Longline Gill Nets |
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What is bycatch?
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this is non target catch... often when fishing marine organisms are caught incidentally (dolphins,turtles...)
For every 1 lb of target species comes 4lbs or bycatch but 25% is discarded of the catch because bycatch is often so much larger than the intended catch |
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Is fishing sustainable?
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NO! Overfishing has declined the fish population by fishing to the extent that there are not enough fish to repopulate the standing stock
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when harvesting of fish stocks takes place so rapidly that the maj of the pop is sexually immature and cant reproduce
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overfishing
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type of fishing with a central fishing line with hooks on the surface and bottom
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longline fishing
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why fishing is not sustainable...
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90% fish disappeared in last 50 yr
80% now=exploited or depleted inc in fishing 50% during 70-80s Plateau in 90s w/ growing fleets |
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these kinds of fish are harvested so breeding stock can't replenish the population
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overfished
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what is MSY (Maximum Sustainable Yield) ?
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max amount of any species that can be harvested
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what is IWC?
exceptions? |
international whaling commission
to manage whale hunting except: scientific whaling objections to IWC aboriginal subsistence |
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what countries continue to hunt whales?
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japan and norway at first
then followed... peru, chile, iceland, and north korea |
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what whales are major targets of whaling?
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Fin whales
sperm whales sei whales blue whales humpback whales |
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reasons for whaling in certain countries...
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aboriginal subsistence... history and part of culture
Scientific studies Objection to IWC |
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what is the law of the sea?
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an international agreement that governs the use of the world ocean
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law of the sea
1954 1958 & 1960 1982 Today |
1954
truman was all "things in US ocean and cont shelf = US resources only" 1958 & 1960 Law of Sea treaty formulated (closest country gets the booty) 1982 UN adopts Law of the Sea (but 17 w/held vote) Today some wont sign like Japan, Germany, Great Britain |
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US signed the law of the sea in...
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1994
but not ratified |
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how far does national sovereignty extend?
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12 nautical miles
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EEZ
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Exclusive Economic Zone
extends 200nm |
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outside of EEZ = ?
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high seas regulated by UN
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largest EEZ goes to..
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US! ...exceeds land by 30%
6.2 million square miles |
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Pollution
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harmful substances or energy that reduce the quality of the water or affect the physical and biological environment
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Major types of marine Pollution:
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petroleum (oil)
sewage sludge DDT and PCB's Mercury Non-point-source pollution & trash Heat |
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what determines how lethal pollution is?
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how much
how toxic how much time its in environment |
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where does most of the oil pollution come from?
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Run off
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crude oil vs refined
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Crude
lager in volume more frequent Refined more deadly longer lasting effects |
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fate of the spilled oil
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-small amounts evap or dissolve
-in days tar balls form from water motion and persist for months -bacteria consumes over time |
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Exxon Valdez
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Prince Willian Sound, AK
11 mill gallons 930 mi of coastline |
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largest accidental oil spill?
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deepwater horizon
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deepwater horizon
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blowout of undersea oil well
largest accidental |
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largest oil spill ever?
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Kuwait, Saudi Arabia
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Toxic synthetic organic chemical types
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pesticide DDT
industrial chemicals PCBs |
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Bioaccumulation
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accumulation of toxic substances in environment within living organisms
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Biomagnification
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acquiring increasing levels of a substance in bodies of higher trophic-lvl organisms
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DDTs and PCBs result in
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bioaccumulation and biomagnification
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Sewage Sludge
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sewage that has undergone primary and secondary treatment of human waste, oil, zinc, copper, lead, silver, mercury, pesticides....
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Minamata Disease
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comes from minamata bay where shellfish contamination poisoned the people there with heavy metals (mercury and lead) resulting in neurological disorders
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Excess nutrients as pollution
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N, P
sewage sludge dead zones! |
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dead zones
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too many nutrients (eutrophication)
inc in phytoplankton live days to weeks they die and bacteria acts on them discoloration of water sun cant go thru bacteria eat up O2 Hypoxia DEAD ZONES! |
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Thermal pollution
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TECO power plant
water diff temps |
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climate vs weather
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CLIMATE
long term atmospheric conditions in a region (statistical average) WEATHER short term atm cond in specific region |
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IPCC evidence
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (globl sc group)
-strong correlation btwn tent and GHG in atmosphere -in past 100 yrs avg temp inc 1-1.7 deg F (also sea ice decline and earlier spring) -Sea lvl rising -Human activity greatly inc GHG |
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order of the oceans
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Pacific 50.1%
Atlantic 26 Indian 20.5 Arctic 304 |
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Library of Alexandria
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founded in Egypt
Thousands of charts kept here Original chart copies kept here Shared knowledge |
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Phoenicians
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1st to travel to Mediterranean
Circumnavigated Africa |
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these people began to have more sails and masts instead of traveling with man power
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Greeks
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2nd and coolest librarian at alexandria who found the earths circumference within 8% of true value. He also created the latitude and longitude system
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Eratosthenes
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these people invented the compass, central rudder, water-tight compartments, and sails on mult masts
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Chinese
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funded voyagers in search for new eastern trade routes
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Prince Henry of Portugal
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explored trade routes to asia
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Columbus... or at least he was supposed to
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this navigators ship was first to circumnavigate world
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Magellan
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settled colonies in NE N america
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John Cabot
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commander of Brit Royal Navy who took 3 scientific voyages
he measured ocean characteristics and mapped pacific islands |
Captain James Cook
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HMS Endeavour
Resolution Adventure who went on these voyages? |
Captain James Cook
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father of oceanography
connected science and physical patterns of ocean |
Matthew Maury
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HMS Challenger
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1st expedition dedicated to purely science
4 years - 50 volume report Proved life in deep ocean |
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US Exploration Expedition
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Naval and scientific expedition
Major role in shaping science in US |
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HMS Beagle
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darwin
undertaken by gov so not just research driven |
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Fram
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Polar Exploration (Modern)
Ice Patterns not static crazy man let his boat freeze |
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Meteor Expedition
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Echo sounder for seafloor patterns
PIiiiiing! 1st modern optical and electronic equipment |
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Trieste expedition
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Mariana trench
people got lucky cause glass cracked deepest ever 35,800 ft |
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Golmar Challenger
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Drilling ship confirmed seafloor spreading and plate tectonics
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Oceanographic instits
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WHOI
Scripps |
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how old is our galaxy thought to be
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13.7 billion years old
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stars are...
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Massive spheres of incandescent gasses and debris
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stars are powered by:
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nuclear fusion
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terrestrial planets
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Mercury Venus Earth Mars
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nebula
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cloud of space dust and gas that formed into our solar system
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theory of how the solar system came to be
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Nebular hypothesis
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accretion
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small particles clump to form larger masses
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formation of our solar system to protoplanets
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nebula
Solar nebula contracts and rotates and forms a disk concentration in center forms protostar accretion of other particles forms protoplanets protostar becomes sun and wind clears away the dust to reveal the solar system |
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universe age
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13.7 byo
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solar system age
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5 bill years old
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earths age
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4.6 byo
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stars die when
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starts become unstable and heavy atoms are consumed while energy output increases
Swells to red giant core collapses supernovae! |
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formation of earth
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sun releases energy as fusion reaction
initial atmosphere boiled away planet shrinks in size and continues to contract heat produced from deep core earth surface became molten density stratification started once earth was a ball of hot liquid rock |
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density stratification
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elements segregate according to densities
occurs because gravitational separation |
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moon formation
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from collision of planets
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earths atmospheres
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1 leftover gases from nebula
particles blown out by suns solar wind 2 during density stratification, lowest density had various gasses (emitted by outgassing volcanoes and geysers) 3 with formation of oceans when earth cools come deep sea hydrothermal vents that life comes from and so prokaryotes produce O2 making the last atmosphere |
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oceans are how old
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4 byo
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