Marieb Anatomy And Physiology: Chapter 2

Front 1

matter

Back 1

anything that occupies space and has mass

Front 2

energy

Back 2

the capacity to do work

Front 3

kinetic engergy

Back 3

energy in action

Front 4

potential energy

Back 4

stored engergy

Front 5

chemical energy

Back 5

stored in the bonds of chemical substances

Front 6

electrical energy

Back 6

formed by the movement of charged particles (across cell membranes)

Front 7

mechanical energy

Back 7

energy directly involved in moving matter

Front 8

radiant energy
electromagnetic energy

Back 8

energy that travels in waves

Front 9

elements

Back 9

unique chemical substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods

Front 10

atom

Back 10

smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits the properties of that element; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Front 11

atomic number

Back 11

equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom

Front 12

mass number

Back 12

the sum of the masses of the atom's protons and neutrons

Front 13

isotopes

Back 13

different atomic forms of the same element, vary only in the number of neutrons they contain; the heavier species tend to be radioactive

Front 14

atomic weight

Back 14

average of the relative weights (mass numbers) of all the isotopes of an element, taking into acount their relative abundance in nature

Front 15

molecule

Back 15

particle consisting of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds

Front 16

compound

Back 16

substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united

Front 17

mixture

Back 17

substance composed of two or more components physically intermixed

Front 18

solutions

Back 18

homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids or solids

Front 19

solute

Back 19

the substance that is dissolved in a solution

Front 20

solvent

Back 20

the substance present in the greatest amount in a solution; the dissolving medium

Front 21

molarity

Back 21

a way to express the concentration of a solution; moles per liter of solution

Front 22

molecular weight

Back 22

sum of the atomic wieghts of the constituent atoms

Front 23

mole

Back 23

equal to the atomic weight or molecular weight weighed out in grams

Front 24

Avogadro's number

Back 24

6.02 x 10^23

Front 25

colloids
emulsions

Back 25

heterogeneous mixtures; often appear transluscent or milky - they scatter light; the solute particles do not settle out

Front 26

suspensions

Back 26

heterogeneous mixtures with large often visible solutes that tend to seltle out; e.g. blood

Front 27

chemical bond

Back 27

an energy relationship holding atoms together; involves the interaction of electrons

Front 28

valence shell

Back 28

an atom's ourtermost engergy level or that portion of it containing the electrons that are chemically reactive

Front 29

ion

Back 29

an atom with a positive or negative electric charge

Front 30

ionic bond

Back 30

chemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms

Front 31

anion

Back 31

an ion with a negative chage; the electron acceptor

Front 32

cation

Back 32

an ion with a positive charge; the electron donor

Front 33

crystals

Back 33

large arrays of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds

Front 34

covalent bonds

Back 34

chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms

Front 35

nonpolar molecules

Back 35

electrically balanced molecules; equal sharing of electrons

Front 36

polar molecules

Back 36

nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms; unequal sharing of electrons results in a slight negative charge at one end of the molecule and a slight positive charge at the other end

Front 37

hydrogen bonds

Back 37

weak bond in which hydrogen atom forms a bridge between two electron hungry atoms; an important intramolecular bond

Front 38

chemical reaction

Back 38

process in which molecules are formed, changed, or broken down

Front 39

combination (synthesis)reaction

Back 39

chemical reaction in which larger, more complex atoms or molecules are formed from simpler ones

Front 40

decomposition reaction

Back 40

chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms

Front 41

anabolism

Back 41

energy-requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are cmobined to form more complex substances

Front 42

catabolism

Back 42

process in which living cells break down substances into simpler substances

Front 43

exchange (displacement) reaction

Back 43

chemical reaction in which bonds are both made and broken; atoms become combined with different atoms

Front 44

oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction

Back 44

a reaction that coulples the oxidation (loss of electrons) of one substance with the reduction (gain of electrons) of another substance

Front 45

chemical equilibrium

Back 45

a state of apparent repose created by two reacions proceeding in opposite directions at equal speed

Front 46

factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions

Back 46

temperature, concentration, particle size, catalysts

Front 47

catalysts

Back 47

substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without themselves becoming chemically changed or part of the product

Front 48

important properties of water

Back 48

high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, cushioning

Front 49

electrolyte

Back 49

chemical substances, such as salts, acids, and bases, that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting and electrical current

Front 50

acid

Back 50

a substance that realeases hydrogen ions (H+) when in solution; a proton donor

Front 51

base

Back 51

a substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor

Front 52

hydroxyl ion

Back 52

OH-

Front 53

pH unit

Back 53

measure of the relative acididy or alkalinity of a solution

Front 54

neutralization reaction

Back 54

displacement reacton in which mixing and acid and a base forms water and a salt

Front 55

buffers

Back 55

chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions

Front 56

strong acids

Back 56

dramatically change the pH of a solution because they dissociate completely and irreversibly in water (e.g. hydrochloric acid HCl)

Front 57

hydrolysis

Back 57

Process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles. (a type of decomposition reaction)

Front 58

dehydration synthesis

Back 58

process by which a large molecule is synthesized by removing water and covalently bonding smaller molecules together.