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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
matter |
anything that occupies space and has mass
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energy
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the capacity to do work
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kinetic engergy
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energy in action
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potential energy
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stored engergy
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chemical energy
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stored in the bonds of chemical substances
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electrical energy
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formed by the movement of charged particles (across cell membranes)
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mechanical energy
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energy directly involved in moving matter
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radiant energy
electromagnetic energy |
energy that travels in waves
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elements
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unique chemical substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods
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atom
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smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits the properties of that element; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
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atomic number
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equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom
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mass number
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the sum of the masses of the atom's protons and neutrons
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isotopes
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different atomic forms of the same element, vary only in the number of neutrons they contain; the heavier species tend to be radioactive
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atomic weight
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average of the relative weights (mass numbers) of all the isotopes of an element, taking into acount their relative abundance in nature
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molecule
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particle consisting of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
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compound
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substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united
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mixture
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substance composed of two or more components physically intermixed
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solutions
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homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids or solids
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solute
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the substance that is dissolved in a solution
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solvent
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the substance present in the greatest amount in a solution; the dissolving medium
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molarity
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a way to express the concentration of a solution; moles per liter of solution
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molecular weight
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sum of the atomic wieghts of the constituent atoms
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mole
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equal to the atomic weight or molecular weight weighed out in grams
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Avogadro's number
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6.02 x 10^23
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colloids
emulsions |
heterogeneous mixtures; often appear transluscent or milky - they scatter light; the solute particles do not settle out
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suspensions
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heterogeneous mixtures with large often visible solutes that tend to seltle out; e.g. blood
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chemical bond
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an energy relationship holding atoms together; involves the interaction of electrons
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valence shell
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an atom's ourtermost engergy level or that portion of it containing the electrons that are chemically reactive
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ion
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an atom with a positive or negative electric charge
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ionic bond
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chemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms
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anion
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an ion with a negative chage; the electron acceptor
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cation
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an ion with a positive charge; the electron donor
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crystals
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large arrays of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds
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covalent bonds
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chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms
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nonpolar molecules
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electrically balanced molecules; equal sharing of electrons
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polar molecules
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nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms; unequal sharing of electrons results in a slight negative charge at one end of the molecule and a slight positive charge at the other end
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hydrogen bonds
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weak bond in which hydrogen atom forms a bridge between two electron hungry atoms; an important intramolecular bond
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chemical reaction
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process in which molecules are formed, changed, or broken down
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combination (synthesis)reaction
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chemical reaction in which larger, more complex atoms or molecules are formed from simpler ones
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decomposition reaction
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chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms
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anabolism
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energy-requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are cmobined to form more complex substances
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catabolism
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process in which living cells break down substances into simpler substances
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exchange (displacement) reaction
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chemical reaction in which bonds are both made and broken; atoms become combined with different atoms
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oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction
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a reaction that coulples the oxidation (loss of electrons) of one substance with the reduction (gain of electrons) of another substance
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chemical equilibrium
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a state of apparent repose created by two reacions proceeding in opposite directions at equal speed
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factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions
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temperature, concentration, particle size, catalysts
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catalysts
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substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without themselves becoming chemically changed or part of the product
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important properties of water
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high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, cushioning
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electrolyte
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chemical substances, such as salts, acids, and bases, that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting and electrical current
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acid
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a substance that realeases hydrogen ions (H+) when in solution; a proton donor
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base
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a substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor
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hydroxyl ion
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OH-
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pH unit
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measure of the relative acididy or alkalinity of a solution
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neutralization reaction
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displacement reacton in which mixing and acid and a base forms water and a salt
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buffers
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chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions
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strong acids
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dramatically change the pH of a solution because they dissociate completely and irreversibly in water (e.g. hydrochloric acid HCl)
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hydrolysis
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Process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles. (a type of decomposition reaction)
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dehydration synthesis
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process by which a large molecule is synthesized by removing water and covalently bonding smaller molecules together.
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