March 9 Geog 101 Notes

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Trees

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-Broadleaf
-Evergreen
-Needleleaf
-Coniferous
-Deciduous

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Broadleaf

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basic leaves, big, huge, broad leaves

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Evergreen

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stay green throughout entire year; can be broadleaf or needleaf

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Needleleaf

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contain needles

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Coniferous

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cone bearing

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Deciduous

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shed leaves seasonally

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Native

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ancestral home

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Wild

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leave in natural state (wild plants, grow naturally, wild animals, leave them alone)

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Tame

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change its behavior

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Domestic

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need people for food, water

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Feral

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once domestic, but have gone back in to the wild

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Native home of coffee plant

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Ethiopia

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Native home of cow

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India

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Native home of wheat

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Iran/Iraq area

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Native home of tomato

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North America (Canada, U.S., Mexico)

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Native home of maize

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North America

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Native home of dandelion

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Eurasia

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Native home of polar bear

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Eurasia

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Native home of camel

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North America, died off here, continued on in Africa, Asia

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Native plants of Utah

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-Juniper trees (5,000 ft in elevation)
-Cottonwood trees
-Brush (sage brush)

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Native animals of Utah

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-Cut throat trout
-Wild mustang horse
-Burrow

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Biomes

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-forest
-savanna
-grassland
-desert
-tundra

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Forests

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-Tropical rainforest (selva)
-Tropical montaine forest (3-5,000 feet, mountains in the tropics; bamboo tree)
-Tropical Monsoon forest (rains a lot more this time of year; Teak tree, retains water inside)
-Midlatitude Broadleaf Evergreen forest (eastern part of country, stay green all of the time)
-Midlatitude deciduous forest (lose leaves seasonally)
-Needleleaf forest (pine trees for example)

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Savanna

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Woodland and tall grasses
-Baobab: protected in the populated areas, upside down tree, branches shaped like roots; supports a lot of animals/people, produce fruit, provide water

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Grasslands

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Prairie tall grass: eastern plains
-Steppe short/clump grass: a lot shorter than in the prairies
-Chaparral: Mediterranean climate

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Desert

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Xerophytes: plants of the deserts
-or barren
-Cacti: Saguaro, Mesquite (find near Mesquite, Nevada), Paloverde (common, shady type of vegetation), other cacti: found in S and E Utah (near Moab)

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Tundra

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-Arctic (high latitude, very short grasses and flowering plants)
-Alpine (high altitude)

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Pedology

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study of soils

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soil

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a thin surface layer of mineral and organic matter capable of supporting living plants

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dirt

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without the organic matter

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humus

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rich organic layer on top (topsoil)

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Soil Horizons (layers of soil):

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"O" Horizon: undecomposed plant and animal waste...located at earth's surface
"A" Horizon: zone of eluviation (washed-out zone)
"B" Horizon: zone of illuviation (washed-in zone)
"C" Horizon: weathered materials and loose deposits
"R" Horizon: bedrock

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Hardpan

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(such as caliche) between A and B horizons prevents trees from getting big because roots cannot get into lower soil layers

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Soil Texture:

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make-up or composition of soil ingredients (sand, silt, and clay).

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Loam

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a mixture with a substantial proportion of each of the three ingredients

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Texture

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important because it determines the soil's ability to retain or transmit water

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Sand

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holds water the least

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Clay

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holds water the best

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Sandy Loam

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Sand: 65%
Silt: 20%
Clay: 15%

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Clay Loam

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Sand: 33 1/3%
Silt: 33 1/3%
Clay: 33 1/3%

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Loam

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Sand: 40%
Silt: 42%
Clay: 18%

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Silty Clay Loam

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Sand: 10%
Silt: 45%
Clay: 45%

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Silt Loam

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Sand: 17%
Silt: 70%
Clay: 13%

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Soil-forming Factors:

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1. parent material
2. climate
3. time
4. site
5. organic material

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Parent Material

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inorganic rock material on which a soil develops...usually comes from decomposed rock deposited by streams, glaciers, rockfall, landslides or wind

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Climate

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energy and water (most important factor in soil development)

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time

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newer soils are more productive than older ones. Older soils tend to be leached (nutrients stripped from soils by water or vegetation)

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site

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slope vs. flat land

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organic material

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decomposed plant and animal waste

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Soil color

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Black: lots of organic material
Yellow and Red: full of chemicals like iron, aluminum, etc
White: salty, sandy
Gray: waterlogged
Redrock: lots of oxygen when created

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Soil-forming processes

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Laterization
Podzolization
Calcification
Gelization
Salinization

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Laterization

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occurs in warm, moist areas, rapid weathering of parent material, minerals dissolved, A horizon is thick and leached. Oxisols

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Podzolization

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cool, moist areas, mid and high latitudes, supports coniferous vegetation, limited nutrient requirements, ancient glacial debris around, acidic. Spodosols

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Calcification

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mild, semi-arid areas (steppe), thin A horizon and think B horizon. Mollisols

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Gleization

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cool, waterlogged areas, poor drainage, flat land, B horizon not developed, acidic. Histosols

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Salinization

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desert areas, poor drainage, salty, white, Aridisols

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Soil Types

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Entisols
Vertisols
Inceptisols
Aridisols
Mollisols
Spodosols
Alfisols
Ultisols
Oxisols
Histosols

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Entisols

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least well-developed, virtually w/o horizons, undeveloped state because of lack of time, most are recent surface deposits (floodplains, eroded slopes, etc), difficult to correlate with temp/precip found in semi-arid lands of U.S. (E. Montana), limited productivity, very youthful

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Vertisols

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clay-rich, absorbs water, when moist-soils swell and expand, when dry-deep, wide cracks, savanna, esp. E. Australia and E. Africa, high fertility, rich in nutrients, difficult to till

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Inceptisols

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adolescent, eluvial (seaping out like a tea-bag), lack illuvial layer (where the stuff goes, like the "tea"), tundra/high mountain areas, Appalachians and Pacific NW

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Aridisols

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desert soils, cover 20% of earth's land, most extensive worldwide coverage, dry, lack organic matter, sandy or salty, most unproductive if left alone, become productive if irrigated and fertilized, threat of salt accumulation

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Mollisols

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mineral-rich, dark, lots of humus and nutrients, found in midlatitude grasslands of U.S., Pampas of Argentina, and grasslands of Russia, most productive of all soils

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Spodosols

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infertile, leached, acidic, organic material accumulates in illuvial layer, lack humus, do not retain moisture, associated with coniferous-taiga areas

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Alfisols

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2nd most productive soil, mature, diverse climate/veg, low/mid latitudes

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Ultisols

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weathered and leached, associated with Cfa climate, acidic, red, degenerated alfisols, low fertility unless nutrients added

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Oxisols

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very weathered and leached (worst soils), assoc with Af climate, slash/burn agr

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Histosols

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least important, saturated, Wisc/Minn, Louis/Flor, lack oxygen, black, acidic

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Climate type: Af: Tropical Rainforest

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Vegetation/Biome: Tropical rainforest
Soil Type: Oxisols
Location: Amazon, Congo

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Climate type: Am: Tropical Monsoon

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Vegetation/Biome: Broadleaf Evergreens, Teakwood
Soil Type: Oxisols
Location: India, SE Asia

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Climate type: Aw: Tropical Savanna (more grassy)

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Vegetation/Biome: Savanna (tal grasses, Baobab)
Soil Type: Vertisols
Location: Parts of Africa and South America

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Climate type: BW: Desert

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Vegetation/Biome: Desert (Xerophytes)
Soil Type: Aridisols
Location: Mojave, Sonora

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Climate type: BS: Steppe

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Vegetation/Biome: Steppe (short and clump grasses)
Soil Type: Mollisols
Location: Central U.S.

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Climate type: Csa: Mediterranean

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Vegetation/Biome: Chaparral (seasonal grasses and brush)
Soil Type: Alfisols
Location: SW Calif., around Medit. Sea

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Climate type: Cfa: Humid Subtropical

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Vegetation/Biome: Broadleaf/Evergreens (magnolia, live oak)
Soil Type: Ultisols
Location: SE parts of U.S. and China

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Climate type: Cfb: Marine West Coast

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Vegetation/Biome: Coastal needleleaf
Soil Type: Alfisols
Location: NW U.S. Coast

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Climate type: Dfa: Humid Continental

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Vegetation/Biome: Deciduous trees
Soil Type: Spodosols
Location: NE US

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Climate type: Dfc: Subarctic

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Vegetation/Biome: Taiga, larch, needleleaf
Soil Type: Spodosols
Location: SE Canada

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Climate type: ET: Tundra

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Vegetation/Biome: Tundra (very short grasses, flowering plants)
Soil Type: Inceptisols
Location: Arctic parts of Canada above tree line in mountains