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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Population geography? |
An area of geography concentrating on: - distributions & movement - limits & controls - trends & patterns - policies & policy outcomes - past --> future of human population |
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Why has the world population risen rapidly in the past three centuries? |
declines in child mortality, improvements in sanitation and medicine following the industrial revolution |
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What is arithmetic and physiologic density? |
Arithmetic density: divides a country's population by its total land area Physiologic density: divides a country's population by its arable land area - much higher |
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What is the demographic equation? |
Future population = current population + (births - deaths) + (immigrants - emigrants) |
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What are the four rates to measure fertility & mortality? |
Crude Birth Rate: # of children born per year per 1000 people in a population Total Fertility Rate: # of children a woman can expect to have in her lifetime given current fertility rates Crude Death Rate: # of deaths per year in a population per 1000 people Infant Mortality Rate: (# of infants who die before age 1 / all births) x 1000 |
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What is RNI? |
Rate of Natural Increase: (crude birth rate - crude death rate) / 100 - does not account for migration |
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What is the rate of population growth |
Similar to rate of natural increase, but also factors in migration |
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What is doubling time? |
Doubling time: the amount of time it will take for a population to double if the rate of natural increase continues at the same rate - 70 years / rate of natural increase (%) |
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What is the demographic transition model? |
based on europe's population experiences in the 18th-20th centuries, claiming that as a country modernizes, its fertility and mortality rates drop, but not at the same time. Death rates drop before birth rates, leading to population increase |
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What are the four stages of the demographic transition model, as well as the fifth hypothetical stage? |
1. High births & deaths 2. Lowered deaths but high births 3. Low births & deaths 4. Birth + death rates leveled off 5. birth rates consistently lower than death rates |
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What is the visual effect of economic development on fertility rates? |
Steep decline at first, and almost a flat line or slight decline for the remainder. Some outliers, maybe intentional gov't policy, cultural influences. |
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What does a pyramid shape population profile tell about the population? |
rapidly growing, short-lived populations, which are usually pre-industrial, developing countries |
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What are the uses for a population profile? |
predictive value, and demand for healthcare, services, and goods |
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What does Thomas Malthus say in his Essay on the Principle of Population? |
argues that population growth in the future would be guided by two postulates and one assumption - food is necessary for survival - sex b/w men and women would continue to occur - population would grow at a geometric rate while food supplies would grow only arithmetically |
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What is the Cairo Plan of 1994? |
goal was to stabilize world population at 7.27 billion by 2015. The women were targeted in order to improve control over life, economic equality, decision-making on reproduction and female education |
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Who has the bigger "population" problem, USA or India? |
According to ecological footprint, USA requires a lot more HA than india to sustain the lives they live now |
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What is Medical Geography? |
Application of geographic ideas, information, and theories to the study of disease, health, and health care, also known as health geography |
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What are the links between medical and human geography? |
Movement - diseases move, diffusion, some are more easily transmitted Cultural Aspects - cultural attitudes/practices affect disease occurrence & treatment Human-Environment relationships - different environments support different diseases - pollution and other human-made problems |
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What is a Zoonotic disease? |
Diseases shared among or transmitted between animals & humans, for example SARS was highly likely that the virus jumped from animals to humans b/c it was discovered in 3 exotic animal species being sold live in a Chinese food market |
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What is an Index Case? In terms of the spread of SARS, what happened? |
The first known person to contract a disease. All index patients for other outbreaks around the world could be traced back to a visit to the Metropole Hotel in Kowloo, where air recirculates from one room to another |
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What are nodes in relation to diffusion of diseases? |
Nodes are places like an airport that lead to more aggressive spatial spreading |
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What is Human ecology? |
the interconnections b/w human populations and the physical world |
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What are insults and stimuli? |
Factors that affect health - Chemical insults: drugs + exposure to carbon monoxide or other noxious gases - Physical insults: traumas from events such as accidents, radiation poisoning, or electrical shock - infectious stimuli: effects of viruses, bacteria, or protozoa - psychosocial insults: positive or negative effects of crowding, anxiety, love, and sense of belonging |
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What are the three major factors determining the state of human health in an area? |
Population: a group or society's age, gender, and genetic characteristics - e.g. older may have different types of health issues than younger pop Habitat: natural characteristics and cultural and human-made aspects of an environment - e.g. urban environments = higher rates of asthma than rural locations Behaviour: refers to the effect of things such as cultural beliefs and social organization - e.g. some cultures put less importance on modern medical care |
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What are the types of diseases? |
Endemic: disease that is always present in a population, such as seasonal colds or chicken pox
Epidemic: a disease that occurs in larger numbers than normal in a place (outbreak) such as SARS Pandemic: a worldwide epidemic with huge number of cases such as HIV/Aids |
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What are agents, hosts and vectors? |
Agent: the organism that causes a disease, such as bacteria, viruses Host: the life form, animal or human, that has the disease caused by an agent Vector: the means by which the agent is transmitted to the host, such as mosquitoes, flies, ticks, etc. |
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HIV?? |
?? |
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Explain the malaria case |
- 40% of the world's population at risk - 500m cases per year - caused by plasmodium parasites spread by anopheles mosquitoes - proximity to water is a key factor - feeds mainly evening and overnight |
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Why are there no cases of Malaria in USA? |
Quality of housing, sanitation, education, healthcare, active mosquito control |
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What are some control options for malaria? |
- introduce predators (dragonflies) - mosquito net distribution (free) - mosquito insecticide - drain stagnant water - control human access to mosquito areas after dusk - spend money on research for vaccines |
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What is the human ecology approach for malaria control? |
Habitat-focused options - modifying natural & human-created habitats - draining malarial habitats - larvicide, insecticide, biological control, sterilization, GMO mosquitoes Behaviour-focused options - exposure-control (bednets, sprays, screens) - disease prevention/control/treatment --> vaccines & medications Population-focused options - human settlement locations & designs - child-focused prevention/education - economic development |
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What are four common diseases? |
Yellow fever, diarrheal diseases, influenza, malaria |
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What are the characteristics of yellow fever? |
- mosquito-transmitted viral disease - endemic in africa & latin america - 200k cases & 30k deaths/year |
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What are the characteristics for diarrheal diseases? |
- leading killer worldwide - kills 2m children under 5 each year |
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What are the characteristics for influenza? |
- killed 100m people during 1916-18 - continues to be a major health concern - leads to pneumonia |
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How did influenza diffuse back in the day? |
- Highly mobile population - Rail & ship - Military (demobilization) - Urban centres |
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Why is AIDS worse in Africa? |
- #1 in Botswana - cultural factors surrounding relationships largely explain the rapid spread Significant - long-term simultaneous partners Not significant - lack of awareness - intravenous drug use (low) - prostitution rates - number of sexual partners |
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What are the cultural aspects of diffusion for Ebola? |
Poverty: lack of medical care/infrastructure/supplies Homecare for those with disease: feeding, washing, cleaning up vomit & diarrhea Customary burial practices: washing bodies, cleaning them, funeral practices with a final touch or even final kiss (Ebola continues to live in a dead person for a period of time) |
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What are the factors limiting access to health care? |
Functional factors: absence/presence of health care resources
Geographic factors: proximity to health care Social factors: racism, sexism, ageism Financial factors: $ --> access (some areas) |
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Why is there a spatial analysis of healthcare in a region vs another? |
Service gaps/over-serviced areas Equality = basic assumption of most democratic societies Spatial variation leads to finding out reasons, leading to solutions Find 'Hidden' health problems |
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Why are there more doctors in US and Cuba than Canada? |
Get paid more in the US, have a law about it in Cuba |
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Are public health expenditures a good indicator of a better healthcare system? |
No, if you can design a system that is more efficient ant still achieves the same health results, it is better. Countries might spend more money b/c of a privatized vs public system. Canada has price control |
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What are the health implications of a population structure with a pyramid shape? |
There are health concerns that might prevent that population from reaching old age, as well as the health care/maternal health care needs for a high birth rate |
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What are geographers' interest in cultural geography? |
- Variability across earth
- culture affects interaction with environment - mapping & diffusion of culture - cultural landscapes - globalization --> cultural effect - implications of cultural change - cultural conflicts |
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What is culture? |
Culture: shared patterns of learned behaviour, attitudes, and knowledge - you have learned of your traits from teachings and patterning of children from parents |
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What are the four types of culture? |
Culture trait: single component of a culture such as an American teenager wearing a baseball cap Culture complex: several interrelated cultural traits (things that come as a package) culture region: an area that shares a large number of culture traits Culture realm: groupings of culture regions based on broad culture similarities - e.g. latin american, anglo-american |
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What are the three components of culture? |
Sociological components: ways people in a culture are expected to interact, such as the french long-lot system vs english rectangular lot(sociofact) Ideological components: ideas, beliefs, values, behaviours & knowledge of a culture, such as freedom (mentifacts) Technological components: material objects a culture produces, as well as ways for using those objects such as a cultural landscapes (artifacts) |
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What is cultural diffusion and the different types? |
Diffusion: the movement of people, ideas, or things from a point of origin to another location over time - Relocation: physical movement of a phenomenon (migration of people who practice that phenomenon) - Contagious: spread of phenomena to nearby places (expanding culture) - Hierarchical: movement of phenomena from one place to other similar places (tendency to move from one place to another) |
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What are major culture hearths? |
Culture hearths: areas from which important culture traits, including ideas, tech, and social structures, originated. Important to note that cultures are not static, they move, diffuse, and through different ways |
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What are external and internal changes of culture? |
External - global & national pressure - communication & transportation - legal changes Internal - challenges to 'status quo' - unconscious change - technological change - charismatic leaders |
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What is a cultural landscape? |
the cultural impact of an area (buildings, agricultural patterns, roads, etc.) |
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What is the difference between folk and pop culture? |
Folk culture: culture traits that are traditional, non-mainstream, rurally based cultures or communities Pop culture: widespread- fast-changing, flavour of the moment, rapid diffusion of new ideas/trends |
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Describe urban beginnings |
Sedentary agriculture --> permanent settlements --> cities - consistent food created higher population densities and food surpluses |
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What is a situation? |
where a city is located in relation to other important location (farmland/food, commerce/trade, and transportation networks) |
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How is Shanghai built? |
Provides gateway to and from inner china and coastal locations, giving incredible importance for the city in terms of access to water for transportation purposes |
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What is Winnipeg known as? |
The geographic center of north america, important for distribution of transport networks |
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What is the urbanization curve, how does it look like, and the four stages? |
Describes the urbanization process in different societies, in the shape of an S-curve, suggesting that urbanization starts slowly, then accelerates, then levels off - pre-urbanized - rapid urbanization - saturation (urban pop no longer has reason to grow) - counter urbanization |
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What are the motivations for counterurbanization in Canada? |
Push factors - urban 'ills' (crime, congestion, pollution, stress) - high cost of living Pull factors - self-employment opportunities (farming) - affordable housing - perceived rural amenities & desirable landscapes |
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What is the important trend for LDCs? |
for Least developed countries, they are generally less urban, but much faster urbanization is occurring |
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What is agglomeration? |
an urbanizing force - e.g. agglomeration economies are different economic activities tend to locate next to each other and act as a powerful magnet attracting other activities |
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Describe urban hierarchy and give examples. |
The idea that cities are rarely equal in size and importance to each other Pecking order: Many small cities (richmond hill, waterloo) --> fewer medium cities (mississauga, winnipeg) --> largest city (Toronto) |
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What is a primate city? |
Primate city: the largest city in which it is more than 2x the size of second-ranked city |
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What are the reasons for a primate city? |
- colonial concentration of functions (administration, transportation hub - economic benefits for newcomers - administrative/trade centre |
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What is a world city? |
Cities that are at the top of the global hierarchy, defined in either the attributes of cities themselves or interactions between cities - NY, london, tokyo |
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How does land value determine the intensity of use within a city? |
- higher cost for a parcel of land near the Central Business District = more economical to use the land more intensively and build upwards Most expensive for office --> retail --> factories --> residential |
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What does the density gradient look like? |
S shaped curve --> middle of CBD is medium density b/c it is occupied by nonresidential functions, then it goes to high density peak for the surrounding areas of CBD, and declines until urban meets rural |
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What factors are fertility influenced by? |
Health Economics: children cost money, fertility declines during times of economic trouble Education: availability of education for women reduces fertility Culture: some societies place high value on large families, different attitudes toward contraception and abortion |
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What is the difference between implosionists and explosionists? |
implosionists point at declines in fertility in countries and argue that the world has turned the corner on population growth - see a future in which problem is low populations - labor shortages = severely cripple country's economy Explosionists are more malthusian in their view, arguing that although fertility has declined, world will continue to see rapid pop growth |
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What does Ester Boserup think about population growth? |
Pop growth = stimulates societies to innovate and produce more food, people and tech will adapt to meet challenges of a rising pop |
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What is cultural geography? |
The study of both distribution and diffusion of culture traits and how the culture modifies the landscape around us |
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What are Malcolm Gladwell's three principles in terms of cultural diffusion? |
1. law of the few: ideas and items alike are diffused through the efforts of a selected group of people 2. stickiness factor: how well an idea resonates once it is introduced 3. power of context: diffusion relies on prevailing conditions (right place, right time) |
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What are the four major effects of industrialization? |
- allowed some cities to get enormous - enabled proliferation of cities so more people could live in them - led to concentrated settlement patterns - altered the logic of urban location |
