Manual Lab In Botany (1-6)

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Light microscope

Back 1

Instrument that enables the human eye, by means of lens or combinations of lenses, to observe images of tiny objects

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Zacharias Jansen

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Invented the first microscope in 1590s

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Galileo

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Father of modern physics and astronomy

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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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-Father of microscopy

-first to see and describe bacteria, yeast plants, the teeming life in a drop of water, circulation of blood corpuscles in capillaries

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Robert Hooke

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-English father of Microscopy

-discoveries of tiny living organisms in a drop of water

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0.55 micrometers

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White light has average wavelength of _____

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Micrometers

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_____ are also called microns

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Ernest Ruska

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-invented the electron microscope

-Was awarded half of the Nobel prize for Physics

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Electron Microscope

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Electrons are speeded up in a vacuum until their wavelength is extremely short

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Microscope

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Instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye

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Small

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The Greek word “Mikrós” means___

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To look or see

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The Greek word “skopeîn”

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Microscopy

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Science of investigating small objects and structures using such an instrument

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Microscopic

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Means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope

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Optical microscope

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Most common microscope, uses light to pass through a sample to produce and image

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-Fluorescence microscope

-electron microscope; Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

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Types of scanning microscope (4)

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Compound microscope

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Also known as high power microscope, achieves higher levels of magnification than a stereo or low power microscope

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-head/body

-base

-arm

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3 basic structural components of a compound microscope

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Head/body

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Houses the optical part of the upper microscope

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Base

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Supports the microscope and houses the illuminator

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Arm

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Connects to the base and supports the microscope head

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Eyepiece or Ocular

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Is what you look through at the top of the microscope

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Eyepiece tube

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Holds the eyepiece in place above the objective lens

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Objective lenses

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Primery optical lenses on a microscope. Range from 4x-100x

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Nosepiece

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Houses the objectives

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Course and Fine Focus Knobs

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Used to focus the microscope

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Stage

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Where the specimen is to be viewed is placed

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Stage clips

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Holds the sample in place

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Aperture

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Hole in the stage through which the base light reaches the stage

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illuminator

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Light source of microscope

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Condenser

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Used to collect and focus the light from the illuminator (found underneath stage)

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Iris Diaphragm

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Controls the amount of light reaching the specimen (found underneath stage)

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Condenser focus knob

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Moves the condenser up or down

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(objective lens magnification) x (magnification of eyepiece; 10)

Ex. 4x • 10 = 40

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how to calculate total magnification

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SCIENTIFIC METHOD

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Sequence or collection of processes that are considered characteristics of scientific investigation

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1. Identifying a problem

2. hypothesis

3. experiment

4. Controlling variables

5. investigating

6. reporting

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Steps in scientific investigation (6)

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biology

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study of life

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zoology

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study of animals

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botany

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study of plants (bacteria, algae, lichens, and fungi)

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microbiologist

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they investigate microorganisms such as bacteria and may specialized jn such aspects as microbial ecology

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Molecular Biologists

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structure and function of biological macromolecules

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Plant Physiologist

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they analyses metabolic processes such as photosynthesis

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Nucleopore

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in nucleus, nuclear membrane is perforated with holes

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Angiosperm

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-Largest & most diverse group within the kingdom plantae

-VASCULAR SEED PLANTS

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exposed; born outside exposed on the surfaces of reproductive structures

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Is the angiosperm’s seeds exposed or not?

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leaves

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principal sites for most angiospermous plants

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aceae and -ales

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angiosperms scientific family name end in____ & _____

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root

stem

leaves

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The basic angiosperm body (3)

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Root

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Anchors a plant, absorb water and minerals, and provide a storage are for food

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primary root

adventitious root

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2 basic types of root systems

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primary root system

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Most common type of root system, consists of taproot the grows vertically downward

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Adventitious Root System

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Short-lived and is replaced or supplemented by many roots that form from the stem

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Root Apical MERISTEM or Root apex

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small region at the tip of a root in which all cells are capable of repeated division and from which all primary root tissues are derived

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Stem

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aerial axis of the plant that bears leaves and flowers and conducts waters and minerals from the roots and food from the site of synthesis to areas where it is to be used

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Stem

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aerial axis of the plant that bears leaves and flowers and conducts waters and minerals from the roots and food from the site of synthesis to areas where it is to be used

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Hypocotyl

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-transition region of stem

-embryonic axis that bears the seedling leaves

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Node

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area where a leaf attaches to the stem is called a ___

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Stem

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aerial axis of the plant that bears leaves and flowers and conducts waters and minerals from the roots and food from the site of synthesis to areas where it is to be used

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Hypocotyl

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-transition region of stem

-embryonic axis that bears the seedling leaves

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Node

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area where a leaf attaches to the stem is called a ___

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internodes

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region between successive nodes is called_____