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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Motivation |
– an inner drive that directs behavior toward goals |
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Morale |
– the sum total of employees’ attitudes toward their jobs,employer, and colleagues |
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Contenttheories |
– a group of theories that assume that workers are motivatedby the desire to satisfy needs and that seek to identify what their needs are |
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Maslow’shierarchy of needs |
– the order in which people strive to satisfy the five basicneeds as theorized by Maslow – physiological, security, social, esteem, andself-actualization |
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Maintenancefactors |
– those aspects of a job that relate to the work setting,including adequate wages, comfortable working conditions, fair companypolicies, and job security |
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Motivationalfactors |
– those aspects of a job that relate to the content of thework, including achievement, recognition, the work itself, involvement,responsibility, and advancement |
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Processtheories |
– a set of theories that try to determine “how” and “why”employees are motivated to perform |
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Equitytheory |
– a theory stating that the extent to which people arewilling to contribute to an organization depends on their assessment of thefairness of the rewards they will receive in exchange |
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Expectancytheory |
– a theory stating that motivation depends not only on howmuch a person wants something but also on the person’s perception of how likelyhe or she is to get it |
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Expectancy |
– a person’s expectation that effort will lead to highperformance |
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Instrumentality |
– a person’s expectation that performing a task will lead toa desired outcome |
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Valence |
– the value of each potential outcome which describes itsimportance |
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Goal-settingtheory |
– a theory which recognizes the importance of goals inimproving employee performance |
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Reinforcementtheory |
– a process theory which assumes that behavior may bereinforced by relating it to its consequences |
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Behaviormodification |
– an application of reinforcement theory, which involveschange in behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating theconsequences of behavior to the behavior itself |
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Positivereinforcement |
– the act of strengthening a desired behavior by rewardingit or providing other positive outcomes |
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Avoidance |
– the act of strengthening a desired behavior by allowingindividuals to avoid negative consequences by performing the behavior |
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Punishment |
– the act of weakening or eliminating an undesired behaviorby providing negative consequences |
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Extinction |
– weakening an undesired behavior by not providing positiveconsequences |
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Fixed-intervalschedule |
– a pattern of reinforcement at specified periods of time,regardless of behavior |
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Variable-intervalschedule |
– a pattern whereby the period of reinforcement variesbetween one reinforcement and the next |
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Fixed-ratioschedule |
– a pattern offering reinforcement after a specified numberof desired performance behaviors, regardless of the time elapsed between them |
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Variable-rationschedule |
– a pattern whereby the number of behaviors required forreinforcement is varied |
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Sociallearning theory |
– a theory stating that employees learn not only throughdirect experience but also through observation and personal qualities |
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Flextime |
– a work schedule that allows employees to choose theirstaffing and ending times as long as they are at work during a specified timeperiod |
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Compressedwork week |
– a four-day (or shorter) period in which an employee works40 hours |
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Jobsharing |
– a working arrangement whereby two employees do one job |
