Breast Anatomy, Physiology, And Pathology

Front 1

Acinus

Back 1

Milk producing element of the breast located within the alveolar glands

Front 2

Chemotherapy

Back 2

An adjunctive therapy involving use of drugs to treat cancer

Front 3

Coopers ligament

Back 3

Also called suspensory ligaments

Strands of connective tissue that run between skin and deep fascia to support the lobes of the breast

Front 4

Fibrocystic Breast

Back 4

Common in females

When breast thicken of the alveoli in addition to one of more cysts

Often lumpy, swollen or tender

Front 5

Gynecomastia

Back 5

Enlargement of male breast due to growth of ducts and supporting tissue

Front 6

Involution

Back 6

Describes a process that begins at menopause as the breast loses supportive tissue to fat

Front 7

Klinefelters syndrome

Back 7

First identified in 1942 by Dr Harry Klinefelter

Patients with this often referred as XXY males: instead of 46 chromosomes they have 47 chromosomes with two Xs and one Y

Front 8

Klinefelters syndrome

Back 8

First identified in 1942 by Dr Harry Klinefelter

Patients with this often referred as XXY males: instead of 46 chromosomes they have 47 chromosomes with two Xs and one Y

Front 9

Lactiferous

Back 9

Are ducts within the breast conveying milk to the nipple

Front 10

Lactiferous Sinus

Back 10

Widening of the connecting duct immediately behind the nipple

Ampulla= pouch like structure that holds milk

Front 11

Montgomery Glands

Back 11

Also called glands of Montgomery or areolar glands

Large modified sebaceous glands on the areola of the breast

They secret a fatty fluid that protects the nipple during nursing

Front 12

Morgagni's Tubercles

Back 12

Refers to protrusions on the nipple

Front 13

Palliative treatments

Back 13

refers to treatment used to relieve or alleviate the pain/symptoms of a disease without actually curing the disease.

Front 14

Retromammary space

Back 14

is an area of fatty tissue separating the breast from pectoral muscle

Front 15

Sebaceous Glands

Back 15

Are oil-secreting glands in the skin

Front 16

Tail of spence

Back 16

- Upper outer quadrant of breast

-extends towards the axilla

-thickest portion of breast

Front 17

Breast extends Blank from the clavicle

Breast extends Blank from the mid sternum

Back 17

-vertical

-horizontally

Front 18

Breast are what kind of glands of the reproductive system?

Back 18

Accessory

Front 19

What lies at the center point of the breast

Back 19

The nipple

Front 20

what is the smooth circular darken area surrounding the nipple? what does it contain?

Back 20

Areola, contains small protrusions on its surface called margognis tubercles

Front 21

How many lobes does the breast approximately have?

Back 21

15 to 20 lobes

Front 22

The lobule hold the milk producing glands called what?

Back 22

alveolar glands

Front 23

The lobule is sometimes called a what or the what?

Back 23

Ductule or Terminal Ductal lobular unit

Front 24

The ETD is surrounded by what kind of tissue

and lined by what kind of cells?

Back 24

-Elastic Tissue

-Columnar cells

Front 25

ITD has no surrounding elastic tissue and contains what kind of cells

Back 25

Cuboidal cells

Front 26

In the immature breast, the ducts and alveoli are lined by how many layers epithelium cells?

Back 26

Two layers

Front 27

after puberty, the epithelium of the lobes proliferates, becoming multilayered forming how many cell types?

Back 27

3 alveolar cell types

Front 28

What are the cell types for the three alveolar cells?

Back 28

-superficial (lumina) a cells

-basal B cells (chief cells)

-myoepithelial cells

Front 29

What is a thin Sheet of fiber that provides support and acts as a semi-permeable filter under the epithelium?

Back 29

basement membrane

Front 30

Lymphatic Drainage

- Lateral breast drain to this first then to axillary nodes.

- Medial breast drain to this.

- medial breast drain to this, this or the other breast.

Back 30

- Pectoral group

- internal mammary lymph nodes

-mediastinal nodes, parasternal nodes or the other breast tissue

Front 31

What are the 5 groups of axillary lymph nodes?

where are each axillary lymph node?

Back 31

Anterior group : deep below the pectoralis major muscle, along lower boarder of pectoralis minor and also referred to as pectoral node.

Posterior group: along subscapular vessels and also referred as subscapular nodes

Lateral group: along axillary vein

Central Group: in axillary tissues, this is the most palpable group

Apical group: above pectoralis minor at the apex of the axilla and behind the clavicle

Front 32

What kind of Breast tissue is more radiolucent and therefore shows up as a higher optical density? (Black)

Back 32

Adipose tissue

Front 33

What kind of breast tissue are less Radiolucent and show lower optical density areas on mammogram? (white)

Back 33

Fibrous and glandular tissue

Front 34

What factors affect breast tissue composition?

Back 34

-Hormones

-menarche

-hormonal fluctuation

-pregnancy and lactation

-involution

-perimenopause and menopause

-weight gain/loss

Front 35

What hormones effect the breast and what effect do they have on them?

Back 35

*Estrogen- growth of ducts

*Progesterone- lobular development

*Prolactin- lobular development during pregnancy

*Adrenal steroids- responsible for cell metabolism

*Insulin- necessary for glucose absorption

*Growth hormone- controls overall growth of all cell and tissue

*Thyroid hormone- cellular activity and metabolism

Front 36

WHAT AGE IS THE BREAST FULLY DEVELOPED?

Back 36

2O YEARS OLD

Front 37

What age does the maturation of the breast completely occur?

Back 37

AGE 30

Front 38

What are the two most prominent hormones active in the breast?

Back 38

Estrogen- responsible for ductal proliferation (growth of ducts)

Progesterone- responsible for lobular proliferation and growth

Front 39

GREATER # OF MENSTRUAL CYCLES=

Back 39

INCREASE RISK OF BREAST CANCER

Front 40

IF A WOMEN IS HAVING IRREGULAR OR HEAVY MESTRUAL CYCLES THEN THEY ARE....

Back 40

PERIMENOPAUSE

Front 41

When is it official start of menopause?

What age does menopause occur?

Back 41

-NO PERIOD FOR A WHOLE YEAR

-Occurs between ages 45- 54

Front 42

When is a women in post menopause?

Back 42

Involution and atrophy

Front 43

What are positive effects of hormone therapy?

Back 43

relieves symptoms of menopause

-hot flashes

-sleep disturbance

-fatigue

-osteoporosis

-insomnia

Front 44

What are negative effects of Hormone Therapy?

Back 44

-Breast or Uterine cancer

-asthma

-dementia

-heart attracts

-strokes

-blood clots

Front 45

Can you image a breast that is lactating?

Back 45

yes

the must patient fully expressed her breast before imaging

Front 46

When should a patient that is lactating be scheduled for a mammogram?

Back 46

Mammograms should not be scheduled during lactation unless they are DIAGNOSTIC.

Front 47

Term: carried pregnancy to point of viability

20 weeks of gestation

(regardless of the outcome)

Back 47

Parity

Front 48

Term: Borne more than one child

Back 48

Multiparity

Front 49

Term: Delivered a child of a least 500g (or 29 weeks gestation)

Back 49

Primiparity

Front 50

Term: Never given birth to a viable offspring

Back 50

Nulliparous

Front 51

Male breast cancer is what percent

Back 51

1%

Front 52

What condition can increase the risk for a man to develop breast cancer?

Back 52

Klinefelters Syndrome

Front 53

What other condition can increase the risk for male breast cancer?

Back 53

Gynecomastia

Front 54

What are breast cancer risks for men?

Back 54

-Age

-heredity

-breast cancer gene

-radiation exposure

-use of hormone

-Klinefleters syndrome

Front 55

What tumor is seen in this image is a characteristic of?

Back 55

A malignant tumor

Front 56

The calcifications seen in this image have the typical appearance of?

Back 56

Malignant type calcifications

Front 57

The calcifications seen in this image have the typical appearance of?

Back 57

Oil cyst

Eggshell-like calcifications

Front 58

The low optical density radio plaque lesions seen here are characteristic of a?

Back 58

Skin mole

Front 59

The calcifications seen here are characteristic of

Back 59

Benign calcifications but further test are needed

Front 60

The circular mixed radio plaque/radiolucent lesions seen here are characteristics of

Back 60

Epidermoid cysts

Front 61

Sclerosis Adenosis or Ductal Hyperplasia

Back 61

A result of increased cellular activity in ducts and surrounding tissue.

This condition can produce calcifications that tend to be linear and segmental but are sometimes malignant appearing

Front 62

Oil cysts

Back 62

Show up as high optical density’s tumors with lucent centers and EGGSHELL-LIKE calcifications

Usually form as a result of fat necrosis or are calcifying hematoma

Front 63

Ductal Ectasia or PLASMA CELL MASTITIS

Back 63

Produces large calcifications

Periductal calcifications will have radiolucent centers representing the non calcified centers of the duct due to calcifications are within the ducts

They are linear and fragmental forming along the long axis and toward the nipple

Often bilateral and symmetrical in distribution

Front 64

What is Ductal Carcinoma in Situ

Back 64

Cancer is confined to the duct and does not invade the duct walls

Front 65

The calcifications seen in this image have the typical appearance of?

Back 65

Malignant type calcifications

Front 66

The calcifications seen in this image have the typical appearance of?

Back 66

Oil cyst

Eggshell-like calcifications

Front 67

The low optical density radio plaque lesions seen here are characteristic of a?

Back 67

Skin mole

Front 68

The calcifications seen here are characteristic of

Back 68

Benign calcifications but further test are needed

Front 69

The circular mixed radio plaque/radiolucent lesions seen here are characteristics of

Back 69

Epidermoid cysts

Front 70

Immediately behind the nipple is the pouch like office called what?

Back 70

Lactiferous sinus OR ampulla

Know Both terms!

Front 71

What are some positive effects of Hormone Therapy?

Back 71

Prevents osteoporosis and symptoms of menopause

Front 72

Negative effects of Hormone Therapy

Back 72

Increased risk for breast cancer

Increase risk for uterine cancer

Asthma

Dementia

Heart attacks

Stroke

Front 73

The process of increasing the size of the breast is termed

Back 73

Augmentation

Front 74

What tumor is seen in this image is a characteristic of?

Back 74

A malignant tumor

Front 75

The calcifications seen in this image have the typical appearance of?

Back 75

Malignant type calcifications

Front 76

The calcifications seen in this image have the typical appearance of?

Back 76

Oil cyst

Eggshell-like calcifications

Front 77

The low optical density radio plaque lesions seen here are characteristic of a?

Back 77

Skin mole

Front 78

The calcifications seen here are characteristic of

Back 78

Benign calcifications but further test are needed

Front 79

The circular mixed radio plaque/radiolucent lesions seen here are characteristics of

Back 79

Epidermoid cysts

Front 80

Sclerosis Adenosis or Ductal Hyperplasia

Back 80

A result of increased cellular activity in ducts and surrounding tissue.

This condition can produce calcifications that tend to be linear and segmental but are sometimes malignant appearing

Front 81

Oil cysts

Back 81

Show up as high optical density’s tumors with lucent centers and EGGSHELL-LIKE calcifications

Usually form as a result of fat necrosis or are calcifying hematoma

Front 82

Ductal Ectasia or PLASMA CELL MASTITIS

Back 82

Produces large calcifications

Periductal calcifications will have radiolucent centers representing the non calcified centers of the duct due to calcifications are within the ducts

They are linear and fragmental forming along the long axis and toward the nipple

Often bilateral and symmetrical in distribution

Front 83

What is Ductal Carcinoma in Situ

Back 83

Cancer is confined to the duct and does not invade the duct walls

Front 84

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma

Back 84

Cancer spread from the ducts into the surrounding stromal tissue and may or may not extend into the pectoral fascia and muscle

Front 85

The calcifications seen in this image have the typical appearance of?

Back 85

Malignant type calcifications

Front 86

The calcifications seen in this image have the typical appearance of?

Back 86

Oil cyst

Eggshell-like calcifications

Front 87

The low optical density radio plaque lesions seen here are characteristic of a?

Back 87

Skin mole

Front 88

The calcifications seen here are characteristic of

Back 88

Benign calcifications but further test are needed

Front 89

The circular mixed radio plaque/radiolucent lesions seen here are characteristics of

Back 89

Epidermoid cysts

Front 90

Immediately behind the nipple is the pouch like office called what?

Back 90

Lactiferous sinus OR ampulla

Know Both terms!

Front 91

What are some positive effects of Hormone Therapy?

Back 91

Prevents osteoporosis and symptoms of menopause

Front 92

Negative effects of Hormone Therapy

Back 92

Increased risk for breast cancer

Increase risk for uterine cancer

Asthma

Dementia

Heart attacks

Stroke

Front 93

The process of increasing the size of the breast is termed

Back 93

Augmentation

Front 94

Lobular Carcinoma in situ

Back 94

Often not seen mammographically

Abnormal cells grow within the lobules but do not penetrate through the lobule walls

Hint 94

Sometimes referred as lobular neoplasia

Front 95

Invasive Lobular carcinoma

Back 95

Hard to perceive on radiographs

May have a sider web appearance or cause skin reaction