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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 suborders under order primates? |
Suborder Strepsirrhini (lemurs) Suborder Haplorrhini (tarsiers, New world monkeys and old world monkeys) See figure 12-3 on pg 162 |
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2 infraorders under suborder Halorrhini? |
Platyrrhini (New world monkeys) Catarrhini (Old world monkeys) See figure 12-3 on pg 162 |
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What are sister groups to primate? What clade do these make up? What kind of clade are they? |
1. Colugos (Dermoptera) and treeshrews (Scandentia) 2. Clade Euarchonta 3. Monophyletic clade |
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Primates constitute one of the oldest Eutherian orders. How far do they date back? Where have recent fossils been discovered? What are ancestral Euprimates (mammals with primate-like characteristics) called? |
Early Paleocene and most likely late Cretaceous of North America (Wyoming, Montana) and China. Plesiadapiforms. |
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Earliest known proto-primate? How far back does it go? |
Purgatorius Late Cretaceous - Early Paleocene (65 mya) |
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What is the super family under infraorder Catarrhini? |
Superfamily Cercopithecoidea (old world monkeys) |
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A recently discovered plesiadapiform (mammals with primate-like characteristics) exhibits a mosaic of ancestral plesiadapiform and derived euprimate characters. What is it? How far back does it go? Where was it from? |
Carpolestes simpsoni 56 mya from Wyoming |
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Characteristics of Euprimtae? |
- grasping hands and feet - digits with nails instead of claws - enlargement of the orbits and some degree of orbital convergence - presence of a postorbital bar or a postorbital wall - enlarged brain |
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1. When and where did Euprimates first appear? 2. What 2 families were common during that time? 3. Which one is believed to be the ancestors or sister group to Strepsirrhini (lemurs)? 4. Which one is believed to be the sister group to Halorrhini (tarsiers, new and old world monkeys)? |
1. Early Eocene of the Northern continents 2. Adapidae and Omomyidae 3. Adapidae from the Eocene-Oligocene 4. Omomyidae from the Paleogene |
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How many families are included in suborder Strepsirrhini? Where are they endemic to? |
5 Madagascar, Africa, and Southeast Asia |
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What is included in the family Cheirogaleidae? How many genera and species? |
Mouse and Dwarf Lemurs Includes 5 genera and 21 species |
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What is included in the family Lemuridae? How many genera and species? |
The lemurs. Some are arboreal, some are semiarboreal, and one species (Lemur catta) is terrestrial. 5 genera and 19 species |
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What is the difference between the 2 infraorders within suborder Haplorrhini? |
Platyrrhini is the new world monkeys that have flat noses with nasal openings facing outward. Catarrhini is the old world monkeys that have downward directed nasal openings. |
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When did ancestral tarsiers and anthropoids enter Africa from Asia? |
Early Eocene (80 mya) |
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When did the Platyrrhines and catarrhines split? |
43 mya |
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How many species and genera is the family Tarsiidae? Where are they found? When did they first appear? |
1. 7 species, 1 genera
2. Jungles of Borneo, Souther Sumatra, Some East Indian Islands, and some of the Philippine Islands. 3. MIddle Eocene of China |
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WHat is unique about Tarsiers' eyes? |
It lacks cones in the retina, meaning they are completely adapted to a nocturnal lifestyle. It also lacks tapetum lucidum suggesting a diurnal ancestor. Tarsiers and Anthropoids are the only mammals that have a fovea centralis for improved visual acuity. |
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What kind of uterus does Haplorrhines have? What kind of uterus does Catarrhines have? |
Haplorrhines have hemochorial placenta -- capillaries of chorion burrow into uterine wall making direct contact with maternal blood. Catarrhines have epitheliochorial placenta where capillaries are separated from maternal blood by the uterine lining. |
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What family includes tamarins, marmosets, capuchins, and squirrel monkeys? How many genera and species in this family? |
Family Cebidae 6 genera and 56 species |
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1. What kind of color vision do humans and old world primates have? 2. What do nonprimate mammals have? 3. What is unique about New World primates' color vision? |
1. Trichromatic 2. Dichromatic 3. In New World monkeys, males are dichromats and 60% of females are trichromats. |
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What family of New World monkeys includes the Howler monkeys, spider monkeys, and woolly monkeys? |
Family Atelidae |
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What primates are included in the infraorder Catarrhini? |
Gibbons, siamang, oragutans, gorillas, bonobos, chimpanzees and humans. |
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Where does the word catarrhine come from? |
structure of the nose, with its narrow septum (between nostrils) and downward facing nostrils. |
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What family contains the gibbons? Where are they found? How far back are they found in fossil record? |
Family Hylobatidae Southeast Asia Fossils are known from the Miocene |
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What is the word used to describe the way gibbons move through trees by arm-over-arm swinging? |
Brachiation |
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What family includes humans and the other great apes? |
Hominidae |
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What percentage of mammals make up rodents? How many families, genera, and species make up the order Rodentia? |
40% of all mammals are rodents. 33 living families, 481 genera, 2277 species |
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What kind of evolution did rodents have? |
parallel evolution |
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What is the size range of rodents? |
5 grams to 50 kg |
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How far back are rodents found? Where? What 2 primitive families represent stem rodents? |
Late Paleocene 57 mya North American and Asia Alagomyidae and Ischyromyidae |
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What is this jaw structure called? Who has it? |
Sciuromorphous Squirrel-like rodents |
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What is this jaw structure called? Who has it? |
Myomorphous
Mouse-like rodents Most common |
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What is this jaw structure called? Who has it? |
Protrogomorphous
Mountain beavers Most primitive |
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What is this jaw structure called? Who has it? |
Hystricomorphous Porcupine-like rodents |
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What family contains the mountain beaver? |
Aplodontiidae
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What family contains the squirrel-like rodent? How many genera and species? What is included in this family? |
1. Sciuridae 2. 278 species and 51 genera 3. tree squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, and prairie dogs |
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When did the family Sciuridae evolve? What family were its ancestors? |
Late Eocene of North America Family Ischyromyidae |
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What genus contains the flying squirrels? What is the word do describe how they "fly"? |
1. Glaucomys 2. Glissant -- to fly |
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What suborder contains the squirrel-like family and the mountain beaver family of rodents? |
Suborder Sciuromorpha |
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Family containing beavers? What represents this family? What are some characteristics? |
1. Family Castoridae
2. Castor canadensis (U.S.) and Castor fiber (N. Europe and N. Asia) 3. Body is insulated by fine hairs protected by long guard hairs. Hind feet are webbed. Have nicitating membranes. Nostrils and ears are valvular. |
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What family contains the pocket gophers? How much can they cover the ground with their mounds? In Utah, how much can they eat of the annual underground productivity of forbs? |
1. Family Geomyidae
2. 20% 3. 30% |
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What family contains the Kangaroo rats? What is their genus? |
Family Heteromyidae Dipodomys |
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What suborder contains beavers, pocket gophers, and kangaroo rats? |
Suborder Castorimorpha |
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Family containing Jerboas? |
Dipodidae |
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Family containing hamsters, African maned rats, New World rats and mice, voles and lemmings? How many genera and species in this family? |
Family Cricetidae -- 2nd largest rodent family 681 species and 130 genera |
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What family contains the gerbils, and Old World mice and rats? How many genera and species in this family? What percentage of the living species of rodents is in this family? When did this family initially appear? |
Family Muridae -- largest family of rodents 730 species and 150 genera 32% Middle Miocene |
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What family contains scaly-tailed squirrels? Where are they found? How many species and how many genera? |
Family Anomaluridae Forested, tropical parts of western and central Africa 7 species of 3 genera |
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What are the 2 species of African spiny mice? Which one has skin autotrophy? |
Acomys persivali and A. kempi. Acomys kempi has skin autotrophy |
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How do members of Anomaluridae (scaly-tailed squirrels) glide? |
A fold of skin that extends between the wrist and the hind foot and is supported and extended during gliding by a long cartilaginous rod |
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What family contains the African mole-rats? Where are they found? Where are the earliest fossils records from? |
Family Bathyergidae Africa (from Ghana, Sudan, Ethiopia, and Somaliland southward) Early Miocene of Africa |
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What family contains the Old World porcupines? Genera and species? Where do they occur? When did they first appear? |
Family Hystricidae 3 genera, 11 species Africa (not Madagascar), Sicily, Italy, Albania, Greece, southern Asia and south China, Borneo, southern Sulawesi, Flores, and the Philippines. First appeared in Miocene of Europe |
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How much can a hystricid weigh? Diet? Where do they live? |
up to 27 kg Herbivores Terrestrial -- they dig burrows unlike New World porcupines that are partially arboreal |
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What family contains the New World porcupines? Genera and species? Where do the occur? |
Family Erethizontidae 5 genera, 16 species From the Arctic south through much of the forested part of Canada and the US into Sonora, Mexico. One (Erethizon) going to northern half of South America. |
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How much can a New World porcupine weigh? What is unique about their feet? What is unique about the tail? What is their main food source during the winter? |
16 kg Feet have a pattern of tubercles that increase traction. Prehensile tail that curls dorsally to grasp a branch. Cambium |
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What family contains the Guinea Pigs, Patagonian Mara, and capybara? Genera and species? Where do they occur? When did they appear? |
Family Caviidae 6 genera, 18 species South America, except Chile and parts of eastern Brazil. Miocene |
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Where are Capybara found? What subfamily do they belong to? What about extinct species of capybara? How much did the extinct giant capybara weight? |
Panama and the northern half of South America east of the Andes. Hydrochoerinae. Extinct species are known from the Pliocene and Pleistocene in N. America and the Miocene to recent in S. America. over 200 kg |
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What is a characteristics of Lagamorph skulls? |
highly fenestrated skull |
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When did mammals with lagomorph-like characteristics first appear? When did the family Leporidae appear? When did pikas appear? |
Paleocene of China. Eocene of Asia. Then spread to N. America. Eocene of Asia. Then spread to Europe and N. America |
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What family contains the pikas? How many genera and species? Where do they occur? How big are they? |
Family Ochotonidae. 1 genus, 30 species. Western US, south central Alaska, Europe, much of Asia southward to Northern Iran, Pakistan, India, and Burma. 100-150 grams |
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Family containing rabbits and hares? genera and species? Dentition? |
Family Leporidae. 11 genera, 61 species. Cheek teeth have become hypsodont (high-crowned) |
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What type of group do selenodonts, shrews, moles, and hedgehogs make up? |
monophyletic group |
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What order and family contain hedgehogs, moonrats, and gymnures? Where do they occur? |
Order Erinaceomorpha, family Erinaceidae. Africa, Eurasia, and southeastern Asia, and Borneo. |
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How big are moonrats and gymnures? What muscle is enlarged and helps the hedgehog to pull the skin around the body and erect the spines to roll into a ball? |
vary in size from the size of a mouse to the size of a small rabbit. Panniculus carnosus |
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What do hedgehogs eat? What type of thermoregulation do they use? |
They are omnivorous, but can kill and eat many venomous snakes by being resistant to venom. Heterothermic (can vary between homeothermic and poikilothermic) |
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What family contains the solenodons? Genus and species? Where do they occur? When did they appear? |
family Solenodontidae. 1 genus, 3 species. Once found in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Hispaniola, but are now restricted to Haiti and Cuba. |
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How big are Solenodons? What is unique about their skull? what is unique about their dentition? |
Roughly the size of a muskrat. No auditory bulla is present, and the dorsal profile of the skull in nearly flat. The first upper incisor is enlarged and points backward slightly; second lower incisor has a deep lingual groove that may function in the transport of the toxic saliva that empties from the duct at the base of the tooth. Upper molars lack w-shaped ectolophs and are basically tritubercular with a morphology called zalambdodont |
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What 3 mammals have venom? |
Shrews, solenodons, and platypus |
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What family contains the shrews? |
Soricidae |
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What is unique about shrew teeth? |
They are red-pigmented from the goethite, a iron-containing mineral. |
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How does a hibernating shrew regulate its temperature? |
nonshivering thermogenesis. By means of brown adipose tissue |
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What family contains the moles? Genera and species? When did they appear? |
Family Talpidae 17 genera, 39 species Eocene |
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Mole eyes? What is unique about the clavicle and humerus of moles? |
eyes are small and often lie beneath the skin. Clavicle is short and provides a large secondary articular surface for the humerus. |
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What are the touch receptors on the snout of moles called? What is unique about the star-nosed moles? |
Eimer's Organs. Star-nosed moles have 25,000 Eimer's organs. This is 6 times as many touch receptors as the human hand. Then nose may also function as electroreceptors |
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Purgatorius? When? Where? |
Proto-primate/stem primtate. Late Cretaceous - early Paleocene 65 mya. Montana |
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Pleisiadapids? When? |
proto-primate/stem primate. Paleocene to Eocene. 66-65 mya. West N. America, Europe, Asia, Africa |
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What is Carpolestes simpsoni? When? Where? |
Pleisiadapiform. Link between proprimates of Paleocene and euprimates of Eocene. 56 mya. Wyoming |
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Eosimias? |
basal catarrhine -- 42 mya, China |
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Aegyptopithecus? |
Basal Catarrhine that bridges gap between Eocene fossil primates and alter forms in the Oligocene (34-23 mya) |
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When was "the great primate radiation"? |
Miocene when many ape-like fossils began to appear |
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Earliest hominin? |
Sahelanthropus tchadensis 6-7 mya Africa |
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Ardipithecux ramidus? |
"ardi" biped 4.4 mya. gives rise to Lucy and humans. |
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Lucy? |
discovered in 1974 by don Johansen. 3.6 mya. Australopithecus afarensis |
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how far back does tool use gO? |
3.4 mya |
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Australophithecus ghari? |
2.6 mya |
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Au. sediba? |
2-1.8 mya. South Africa |
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Homo habilis? |
2.3-1.6 mya |
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Homo erectus |
appeared as H. habilis goes extinct 1.8 mya. Most successful hominid and widespread, leaving Africa |
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Dawn of homo sapiens? |
200,000-80,000 years ago |
