Mammalogy Exam 2

Front 1

Ambulatory

Back 1

Move predominantly by walking

Front 2

Cursorial

Back 2

Species adapted for running

Front 3

Saltorial

Back 3

jumping-4 limbs

Front 4

ricocheting

Back 4

jumping-2 limbs

Front 5

fossorial

Back 5

diggers

Front 6

arboreal

Back 6

climbers

Front 7

glissant

Back 7

gliders

Front 8

volant

Back 8

powered flight

Front 9

natatorial

Back 9

swimmers

Front 10

airfoil

Back 10

any plant directed into airflow

Front 11

cambered

Back 11

curvature on dorsal side exceeds ventral side

Front 12

wing load

Back 12

unit mass per square unit of wing (g/cm^2)

Front 13

aspect ratio

Back 13

ratio of wing length to width

Front 14

dactylogatagium

Back 14

camber is not fixed

Front 15

bradycardia

Back 15

slow heart rate

Front 16

adductor

Back 16

muscles that close jaw

Front 17

the three adductor muscles

Back 17

temporalis

masseter

pterygoid

Front 18

temporalis

Back 18

primary muscle for closing jaw

Front 19

masseter

Back 19

muscle allowing side to side motion

Front 20

pterygoid

Back 20

muscle allowing fine control of rotary motion

Front 21

abductor

Back 21

muscle that opens jaw

Front 22

single abductor muscle

Back 22

digastric

Front 23

hindgut fermentation

Back 23

fermentation happens posterior to small intestine

Front 24

2 strategies of hindgut fermentation

Back 24

cecum and colon

Front 25

foregut fermentation

Back 25

fermentation happens anterior to small intestine

Front 26

foregut fermentation stomach

Back 26

abomasum

Front 27

foregut fermentation out pockets of stomach

Back 27

rumen, omasum, reticulum

Front 28

metabolic rate

Back 28

heat entropy. excess energy from metabolic processes

Front 29

endotherms

Back 29

organisms that can trap metabolic heat

Front 30

homeotherms

Back 30

organisms that maintain body temp at constant level

Front 31

heterotherms

Back 31

organisms let their body temperature vary or only part of the body can regulate

Front 32

thermoneutral zone

Back 32

range of ambient temperatures of which an organism doesnt have to expend energy to maintain its temperature

Front 33

LCT

Back 33

too cold, must warm up

Front 34

UCT

Back 34

too hot, must cool down

Front 35

Is LCT or UCT more variable? why?

Back 35

LCT because heat destroys more than cold and it is harder to come back from heat

Front 36

rete mirabile

Back 36

arterial and venous capillaries closely associated and flow in opposite directions. heat passes to cool vessel.

Front 37

adaptive hypothermy

Back 37

allows body temperature to fluctuate so not to waste energy heating it up

Front 38

torpor

Back 38

animal allows body temperature to drop

Front 39

estivation

Back 39

torpor response to heat

Front 40

hibernation

Back 40

torpor response to cold

Front 41

non-shivering thermogenesis components

Back 41

brown adipose fat tissue and thermogenin

Front 42

brown adipose fat tissue

Back 42

contains lots of mitochondria

Front 43

thermogenin

Back 43

special protein in brown fat where the mitochondria produce heat instead of ATP.

Front 44

What acts as a miniature internal blanket that overlies parts of vascular system and heats blood?

Back 44

thermogenin

Front 45

hygroscopic mucus

Back 45

absorbs water. found in camels

Front 46

carotid rete

Back 46

Special counter current system component that lies between nasal sinus and brain.

Cool venous blood from nasals runs along warm arterial blood.

After passing through the carotid rete, arterial blood is much cooler and therefore heat is dissipated from arteries before it makes it to the brain.

Front 47

oviparous

Back 47

lays eggs

Front 48

amniotic egg membranes

Back 48

chorion

vitelline

amnion

allantois

Front 49

estrous cycle

Back 49

period of receptivity to copulation controlled by anterior pituitary(FSH & LH) and ovarian hormones(estrogen and progesterone)

Front 50

corpus luteum

Back 50

part of the estrous cycle that produces high levels of progesterone

Front 51

"Tyranny of estrous cycle"

Back 51

Caused by the lack of feedback loop in metatherians.

1) Gestation period must be shorter than estrous cycle

2)severely limits length of in utero development in marsupials

Front 52

Where is the trophoblast found, what produces it, and what is its function?

Back 52

Found in the chorioallantoic placenta.

Produced by chorion.

Protects fetus from antibodies

Front 53

embryonic diapause

Back 53

Variation in reproductive strategies found only in marsupials.

The embryo development is halted mid-way through development.

Female can have three young dependent on her at once.

Suckling halts development of 2nd joey.

Front 54

colostrum

Back 54

First released in mothers milk following birth.

Contains antibodies that confer mother's immunity to various diseases to young.

Front 55

What three things do lactation do?

Back 55

1)provide nutrients for growth

2)transmits passive immunity through colostrum

3) may support growth of symbiotic intestinal flora

Front 56

What is your acronym for a horse's cursorial adaptations?

Back 56

SUCUCLS

Front 57

What is your acronym for an armadillo's fossorial adaptations?

Back 57

Ethan likes super sexy snakes everywhere.

Front 58

What is your acronym for increased stride rate/speed?

Back 58

Get little f*ing leopards right in french magazines!

Front 59

What is your acronym for saltorial/ricocheting adaptations?

Back 59

LEF

Front 60

What is your acronym for natorial adaptations?

Back 60

French manatees poop silly lettuce

Front 61

What is your acronym for deep diving adaptations in cetaceans?

Back 61

DD2BBHR

Front 62

What is your acronym for diving adaptations in pinnipeds?

Back 62

Bring me every lollipop!

Front 63

What is your acronym for adaptive strategies to conserve water?

Back 63

Kidneys dry moms milk and ingest water through nose

Front 64

Stride rate

Back 64

Summation of independent velocities

Front 65

jump height

Back 65

=(2sa)/g

Front 66

What physiological attribute helps with gliding?

Back 66

Cartilaginous rods help support patagium

Front 67

Increasing what helps increase lift? (4)

Back 67

airspeed

airfoil surface area

camber

angle of attack.

Front 68

Decreasing what helps increase lift? (1)

Back 68

wingload

Front 69

What are the forces on airfoil?

Back 69

lift

gravity

drag

propulsion

Front 70

high aspect ratio =

Back 70

long, narrow wings for speed

Front 71

low aspect ratio =

Back 71

short, narrow wings

Front 72

How are bats different from birds?

Back 72

Bat wings' camber is not fixed and bats have extended metacarpals and phalanges.

Front 73

Which type of flow requires more input force?

Back 73

Tubular flow

Front 74

What is a cetaceans propelling force?

Back 74

Tail/fluke

Front 75

What is special about a cetacean's fluke?

Back 75

Double fulcrum effect because two pivot points.

Sub-dermal sheath allows efficient upstroke and downstroke mechanics.

Front 76

What are the issues with deep water diving?

Back 76

1) high pressure

2) gas goes into solutions

3) surfaces have a potential for gases to form bubbles

Front 77

What are the forelimbs and hindlimbs of otariads used for?

Back 77

forelimbs-propel

hindlimbs steer

Front 78

What are the forelimbs and hindlimbs of phocids used for?

Back 78

forelimbs- steer

hindlimbs- propel

Front 79

Which two muscles work together to inhibit grinding?

Back 79

pterygoids and masseters

Front 80

what does the condyloid process of a carnivore look like and why?

Back 80

Transverse/cylindrical. Allows for better shearing and gnawing.

Front 81

What does the condyloid process of an herbivore look like and why?

Back 81

Rounded to allow for a more rotary movement for grinding.

Front 82

Parallel teeth rows in herbivores allow for:

Back 82

fore and after grinding

Front 83

Convergent teeth rows in herbivores allow for:

Back 83

transverse grinding

Front 84

What is the general digestive anatomy of a carnivore?

Back 84

Short, small intestines and colon.

Small cecum.

Front 85

What is the general digestive anatomy of a ruminant herbivore?

Back 85

Four chambered stomach with large rumen.

Long small and large intestine.

Large cecum.

Front 86

What is the general digestive anatomy of a sanguivore?

Back 86

No colon. Connections allow for reserve space for blood.

Front 87

What is your acronym for vampire bat adaptations?

Back 87

CAP

Front 88

What is a pro to being an herbivore?

Back 88

Plethora of food not running away from you.

Front 89

What is a con to being an herbivore?

Back 89

1) Energy to digest little protein content

2) toxic compounds

Front 90

Who are hindgut fermenters?

Back 90

Perissodactyla and rodentia

Front 91

Which type of fermentation has two strategies?

Back 91

Hindgut fermentation

Front 92

Which hindgut strategy is typically found in mammals smaller than 5lbs?

Back 92

Cecum

Front 93

What does the omasum do?

Back 93

absorbs water

Front 94

what does the abomasum refer to?

Back 94

stomach of a foregut fermenter

Front 95

In which type of fermentation does regurgitation occur?

Back 95

foregut fermentation

Front 96

When foraging and resources are abundant, which type of fermenter will outcompete the other?

Back 96

hindgut outcompetes foregut

Front 97

When foraging and resources are limited, which type of fermenter will outcompete the other?

Back 97

foregut outcompetes hindgut

Front 98

Who is a foregut fermenter?

Back 98

Artiodactyla, some primates and marsupials

Front 99

What are the advantages to being a foregut fermenter?(3)

Back 99

1) efficient b/c material is broken down before it reaches small intestine.

2) microorganisms are broken down

3) microorganisms detoxify harmful alkaloids in plants

Front 100

What are the advantages to being a hindgut fermenter? (1)

Back 100

1) Can process material more rapidly

Front 101

What are the disadvantages of being a foregut fermenter?(2)

Back 101

1) Comparitively slow

2) Do poorly on forage containing high levels of resin and tanins

Front 102

What the disadvantages of being a hindgut fermenter? (2)

Back 102

1) Dont ingest microorganisms

2) Must absorb toxic plant chemicals into bloodstream and transport them to the liver for detoxification.

Front 103

What are the behavioral adaptations to cold

Back 103

1)huddling and cuddling

2)utilizing snow as insulator during foraging

3)Food hoarding

Front 104

Sub-nivean zone

Back 104

Below snow and above earths surface

Front 105

Example of hypothermic adaptive hypothermy

Back 105

hibernation

Front 106

Example of hyperthermic adaptive hypothermy

Back 106

Camel

Front 107

What are the pros for sweating and panting? (2)

Back 107

1) Both promote evaporative heat loss

2) panting combined with counter current exchange can help keep brain cool

Front 108

What are the cons to sweating and panting? (3)

Back 108

1) Lose water in both

2) lose electrolytes in sweat

3) panting uses muscle activity which generates some heat

Front 109

How do camels cope with extreme heat

Back 109

Their large body size absorbs heat in the day and "unloads" it at night. They also have hygroscopic mucus and eliminate via concentrated urine and dry feces.

Front 110

What is the general reproductive tract of a prototherian?

Back 110

Only left ovary is functional.

Have mammary glands but no nipples

Have cloaca but no placenta

Amniotic egg

Front 111

What is the general reproductive tract for metatherians?

Back 111

Two funtional uteri.

3 vaginas and 2-headed penises

Have cloaca but digestive materials exit anus

Choriovitelline placenta

Front 112

Which type of placenta is found in eutherians?

Back 112

Chorioallantoic

Front 113

Which type of placenta is found in metatherians?

Back 113

Choriovitelline

Front 114

Where is the seminiferous tube found and what does it do?

Back 114

In the male reproductive anatomy.

Produces sperm.

Front 115

Where is the epididymis found and what is its function?

Back 115

Male reproductive organ that stores sperm

Front 116

What is the Cowper's gland and what does it do?

Back 116

Male reproductive organ that adds fluid to semen during ejaculation.

Front 117

What is the prostate gland and what does it do?

Back 117

Male reproductive organ that releases fluid that nourish and protect sperm.

Front 118

What is the coagulating gland and what is its function?

Back 118

Male reproductive organ that ensures fertilization

Front 119

What is a baculum?

Back 119

penis bone

Front 120

What is the function of the fallopian tube?

Back 120

Where fertilization takes place?

Front 121

Where is a fertilized embryo found?

Back 121

Uterus

Front 122

What is found within the anterior pituitary?

Back 122

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Front 123

What are the ovarian hormones?

Back 123

estrogen and progesterone

Front 124

Compared to a metatherian, what is unique about a eutherians reproductive tract?

Back 124

-Progesterone inhibits FSH production.

-Feedback to prevent formation of new follicle when female is pregnant

-trophoblast prevents immune response by mother to embryo

Front 125

Who has short gestation and long lactation periods, resulting in altricial young?

Back 125

Metatherians

Front 126

What has equal length-ed gestation and lactation periods, resulting in primarily precocial young?

Back 126

Eutharians

Front 127

What is the "norm" reproduction strategy?

Back 127

Ovulation

Copulation

Fertilization

Implantation

Gestation

Parturition

Lactation

Front 128

What are some variations in the reproductive strategy?

Back 128

Induced ovulation

Delayed fertilization, impantation, and embryonic diapause

Front 129

Generally, what does milk contain?

Back 129

fats, protein, lactose, vitamins, and salts