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27 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
components of male and female reproductive systems
gonads - site of hormone excretion, exocrine = production of germ cells, endocrine = production of hormones
Reproductive glands - tubular system that functions in transports of germ cells
accessory glands - mainly in males, product secretions that support and facilitate transport of germ cells
external genetalia
undifferentiated state
embryonic development
yolk sac primordial germ cells - migrate to the urogenital ridge which will form the gonads
mesonephric ducts - male repro ducts
paramesonephric (mullieran) ducts - female repro ducts
cloacal folds, genital tubercel - external genetalia
during the embryonic/fetal period, primative germs cells (spermatogonia or oogoina) arise from the yolk sac and migrate into the urogenital ridge where they replicate by mitosis and establish a pool of stem cells from in the gonads
Gametogenesis
is the production of germ cells or gametes, in males, the germ cells are sperm and the production of sperm is refered to as spermatogenesis. In females, the germs cells are ova, and the production of ova is referred to as oogenesis
During gametogenesis cells undergo two successive miotic divisions
prior to meiosis the cells dupliacte their DNA
during the 1st meiotic division, the chromosome pairs seperate resulting in 2 daughter cells each containing 23 chroms and 1/2 the DNA complement
during the 2nd meiotic division, the chromatids making up each chrom seperate resulting in 2 daughter cells each containing 23 chromosomes but half the DNA
in a male, a 46 chromosome cell will give rise to 4 daughter cells
in females, meiotic division is unequal with half of the genetic material lost as polar bodies
during gametogeneis, the germ cells also differentiate or change and mature, they can turn into spermatocytes, they undergo miosis, but cant undergo mitosis
Testes
outer mesothelium
CT capsule (tunica albuginea - white coat w/ dense CT), and septa, posterior thickening = mediastinum
seminiferous tubules - bulk, main part of the testes, highly coiled tubes
interstitium - CT, myoid cells, interstitial cells of leydig
Seminiferous tubules
germinal epithelium on the basal lamina
spermatogenic cells, sertoli cells
Spermatogenesis
includes meiotic divisions, as well as the end stage differentiation referred to as spermiogenesis
at birth: testis contain only resting spermatogonia (46 chrom), sertoli cells, leydig cells
At puberty: testosterone stim spermatogenesis
spermatogonia retain capacity for mitotic division and spermatiogensis may occur throughout the lifetime of a male
it occurs in waves of different populations of cells undergpoing different stages of maturation, they become more comitted to their process, and can no longer undergo mitosis (gonia), meiosis (cytes)
spermatogonia
small cell, pale nucleus, along hte basal lamina
primary spermatocyte (1st meiotic division)
largest cell in different stages of nuclear chrom coiling, undergoin meiosis, clumped chromatin, longest phase therefore majority of cells are in this stages
secondary spermatocyte (2nd meiotic division)
smaller than primary spermatocytes, short phase so only a few are present
early spermatid (spermiogenesis)
small round nucleus with condensed chromatin, close to or along the lumen
late spermatid (spermatozoa)
cell loses cytoplasm, flagella develop, nucleus condenses, along the lumen heads embedded in sertoli cells
spermiogenesis
process by which spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa, this is a part of spermatogenesiss
1. golgi phase
proacrosomal granules accumulate in golgi and coalesce to form acrosomal granule in a membrane bound vesicle
centrioles migrate to one pole nucleus and start flagella construction
2. acrosomal phase
acrosomal cap forms over nucleus, by flattening it out
nucleus condenses and elongates, has cap over it
flagella elongates, mito aggregate around it
3. maturation phase
residual cytoplasm shed, nonmotile spermatozoa released into lumen of seminiferous tubules
Mature spermatozoa
Head - nucleus, acrosome
neck - centrioles
Tail -
midpiece - axoneme (core structure of flagella and cilia, its central pair of microtubules with 9 doublets around it), mito, outer dense fibers, interstital part
principal piece - axoneme, outer dense fibers, circular fibers, longest piece
end piece - axoneme
sertoli cells
very important support cell, wraps around developing spermatogenic cells, have a pyridmidal shape, they are euchromatic and u can see the nucleoulus
elaborate intercellular jcns - zona occludons, desmosomes, gap junctions
immune system is being developed during the neonatal period, only the spermatogonia are there, but after puberty you have production of other spermatic cells, these cells are suspectable to immune attack,have to be protected from underlying immune cells
blood-testes barrier - main component of the is junctional complexes of sertoli cells
protects maturing sperm cells from toxic injury and immunological attack
sertoli zona occluden form a barrier which segregates the germinal epithelium into a basal compartment and an adluminal compartment
junctions break down and reform allowing maturing spermatogenic cells to move up towards the lumen of seminiferous tubules
support and nutritional regulation of developing spermatogenic cells
phagocytosis
secretion - androgen-binding protein (APB - binds to testosterone and keeps it concentrated in the seminiferous tubules), inhibin - keeps spematogeneis in check, and activin, plasminogen activator and transferin, mullerian inhibiting factor (only secreted by fetal seritoli cells)
Interstium of the testes (tunica propria)
myoid cells
intersitial cells of leydig
interstital cells of leydig
produce testosterone
fetal testosterone secretion (8-18 wks)
mesonephric duct development
converts to dihydrotestosterone which stims the development of external genitalia
influences the development of other systes (brain, skeletal, nerovous)
about 4 mo. gestation - leydig cells become dormant, drop in testosterone production until puberty
prior to puberty - LH secretion stim rise in testosterone secretion
testosterone stim spermatogenesis, development of secondary sex characteristic and functions of accessory glands (prostate and seminal vesicles)
intratesticular ducts
located in the testis mediastinum, function in absorption of testicular fluid and transport of sperm
tubuli recti - lined only by sertoli cells, the straight tubes
rete testis - simple cuboidal with cilia and microvilli, anastomes netword in the posterior aspect of the testes
efferent ducts - pseudostratified columnar with ciliated columnar cells (high) and couboidal cells (low) with microvilli
epididymis
posterior aspect of the testis, caps there, highly coiled tube
pseudostratifed columnar decreases in height proximal to distal, columnar cells with sterocilia = principal cells, very tall
CT and smooth muscle, smooth muscle thickness increases proximal to distal
functions:
support, accumulation and storage of spermatozoa (2-12 days)
absorption and phagocytosis
secretion of glycocalyx coat, protective coat for journey out of the body, it is added on in the epididymis
site of final maturation of sperm - sperm aquire forward motility
ductus deferns
pseudostratifed columnar epithelium with sterocilia
smooth muscle and CT
ampulla (distal portion) - receives duct from seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct and then passes into the prostatic urethra
vasectomy
passes posterior to the urinary bladder
Acessory gland - Seminal Vesicles
seminal vesicle - secretes major fluid volume of semen, highly coiled tubular structure, located posterior to the urinary bladder and joins the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with ciliated and secretory cells: AA, sugars, PGEs, coagulation proteins
smoot muscle and CT (fibromuscular tunic)
has a foilated appearance with several lobules
Accessory gland - Prostate Gland
branched tubuloacinar gland, ejaculatory duct passes through
fibromuscular stroma
glands arranged concentrically around the urethra: inner mucosal, submucosal, peripheral main prostate gland
clinical classification of zones - periurethral (glandular hyperplasia [BPH] compresses on urethra), central, transitional, peripheral (prostate cancer)
corpora amylacea = prostatic concretions, little accumulations of condensed prostatic fluid and dead glandular cells, these increase with age,
secretions - alkaline fluid
citric acid, fibrinolysin (liquifies the semen)
prostatic acid phosphate (PAP)
prostate specific antigen (PSA)
during ejaculation, sympathetic nervous stimulation causes contraction of smooth muscle in the epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, and prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
mucous-secreting tubuloacinar, ducts empty into the penile urethra, located in the UG diaphragm, tiny ducts that enter the penile urethra, pre-ejaculate
scrotum
layers outter to inner:
1. skin
2. dartos tunic: CT and smooth muscle bundles
3. Colles' fascia: dense irregular CT
4. mesothelium (parietal layer - a.k.a tunica vaginalis)
5. potential space between the scrotal sac and the testis: hydrocele and hematocele
penis
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
fibroelastic CT
erectile tissue: corpora cavernosa, corpora spongiosum (penile urethra), vascular sinuses (line the erectile tissue, simple squamous endothelium and outside that is CT)
helicine arteries to arterioles to sinues to veins to AV anastomoses
arousal/PNS stim - dilation of helicine arteries, venous compression, AV anastomoeses shut down
Testes Pathology
Orchitis infection) - bacterial, viral, granulomatomous orchitis - trauma
Torsion - results in infarct and necrosis, twist with in scrotal fat
intratubular germ cell neoplasms - may arise from sperm, embryonic or extraembryonic tissue
prostate pathology
benign nodular hyperplasia - in periurethral zone, compresses the urethera
invasive carcinoma - arises from glandular cells, most often in periferal zone
penis pathology
squamous cell carcinoma, usually glans or prepuce