M2-C2-L40 --> Limbic System Ii

Front 1

Where would you find pleasure centers?

Back 1

Septum Pellucidum

Septal nucleus (very stimulated in substance abuse)

Nucleus Accumbens Septi

Front 2

Where is pleasure experienced?

Back 2

Cortical and subcortical limbic areas

including

prefrontal
and
anterior temporal areas.

Front 3

What is the chemical basis of pleasure?

Back 3

Monoamines
and
Opoid Peptides

produce feelings of well being and inhibit slow pain.

Front 4

Lesions manifesting behavioral changes in experiencing pleasure can be usually seen in where?

Back 4

Frontal

and/or

Temporal Lobes

Front 5

Give three examples of Opioid Peptides:
- Where are they?

Back 5

Beta Endorphins

(hypothalamus and pituitary)

Enkephalins and Dynorphins

(Slow-pain pleasure axis)

Front 6

Serotonin
- Made where?
- Pathway?
- Ascends to do what?
- Descends to do what?

Back 6

Raphe Nucleus

Medial Forebrain Bundle
pathway for ascending

Mood elevation
Sleep-Wake cycle
Behavior

Inhibit slow pain transmission

Front 7

Norepinephrine
- Made where?
- Pathway?
- Ascends to do what?
- Descends to do what?

Back 7

Locus Ceruleus

Medial Forebrain Bundle
pathway for ascending

Mood elevation
Sleep wake cycle
Arousal
Memory Enhancement
Elevation of attension

Inhibits slow pain transmission

Front 8

Dopamine
- Made where?
- Pathway?
- Ascends to do what?
- Descends to do what?

Back 8

Ventral Tegmental Area

Medial Forebrain Bundle

Motivation
Reward
Enhanced cognition

No descending pathways

Front 9

Acetylcholine made in the Basal nucleus does what?

Back 9

Ascending pathway for:

Memory processing
Retention

Front 10

Acetylcholine made in the ARAS does what?

Back 10

Ascending pathway for:

Unconsciousness

Front 11

Histamine also plays a role in what?

Back 11

Sleep-wake cycle

Front 12

All drugs of abuse stimulate what pathway?

Back 12

Dopaminergic Mesolimbic Pathway

Front 13

Give examples of monoamines of the limbic system.

Back 13

Serotonin

Norepinephrine

Dopamine

Acetylcholine

Histamine

Front 14

Describe the Medial Forebrain bundle pathway

Back 14

Starts from

ARAS brainstem.

Spreads diffusely to:

Hypothalamus
Anterior nu. of Thalamus
Neocortex
Dorsomedial Thalamus
Septal nucleus

Front 15

What chemicals are spread in the Medial Forebrain bundle?

Back 15

Acetylcholine

Monoamines

Front 16

List the disorder/diseases caused by decreased serotonin.

Back 16

Aggression
Compulsive disorder
Tourette's
Eating disorder
Depression

Front 17

List the disorder/diseases caused by decrease in norepinephrine.

Back 17

Depression

Front 18

List the disorder/diseases caused by increase in norepinephrine.

Back 18

Anxiety Disorder

Front 19

List the disorder/diseases caused by decrease in dopamine.

Back 19

Depression

Front 20

List the disorder/diseases caused by increased Dopamine.

Back 20

Schizophrenia

Front 21

List the disorder/diseases caused by decreased Acetylcholine.

Back 21

Alzheimers

Front 22

Etiology of Depression.

Back 22

Unknown, but chronic stress plays major role.

Front 23

Pathology of Depression.

Back 23

Diminished hippocampus

Front 24

Describe the chemical imbalance in major depression.

Back 24

Decrease in:

- Dopamine
- Norepinephrine
- Serotonin

Front 25

Treatment for Depression and how it works.

Back 25

Antidepressant drugs:

- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- Electric shock tx
- Lithium
- Tricyclics
- Serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Drugs will indirectly stimulate neurons in dentate gyrus to proliferate.

Front 26

The amygdala and hippocampus have a direct connection with what?

Back 26

Hypothalamus

Front 27

Describe the limbic response to acute "nervous" stress.

Back 27

Locus Ceruleus releases NE

This causes enhanced activity of both amygdala and hippocampus

This will activate to hypothalamus to stimulate our sympathetics

Sympathetics (with NE axon terminals) will cause EPI and NE to be released in blood via adrenal medulla.

Front 28

Describe the limbic response to chronic stress.

Back 28

Limbic system releases CRF (Corticotrophin Releasing Factor).

Only enhances the amygdala (and not hippocampus)

This causes the hypothalamus to produce CRF to the pituitary.

Pituitary gland now activated to release ACTH to Adrenal cortex.

Adrenal cortex releases cortisol.

Cortisol destroys the hippocampus

Front 29

Blocking serotonin uptake does what?

Back 29

More serotonin would mean

more BDNF
(Brain Derived Neurotropic Factors)

via 2nd messengers

Front 30

What does BDNF do?

Back 30

Stimulates growth of dentate gyrus in the hippocampus

Inhibits CRF and cortisol projections

Front 31

Besides serotonin uptake blockers, what other ways can you increase BDNF?

Back 31

Exercise
Electroshock tx
Estrogen (via BCL-2)
Lithium (via BCL-2)

Front 32

How is the immune system associated with hippocampal growth?

Back 32

Immune system stimulates microglia proliferation, thus will promote hippocampal growth.

Front 33

What does Sonic Hedgehog protein do with the hippocampus?

Back 33

Stimulates stem cell proliferation in hippocampus and olfactory bulb.

Front 34

Name some signaling peptides associated with influencing brain circuits related to reward, motivation, and well being, and memory.

Back 34

Leptin
Orexin
Gherlin

Front 35

What is the etiology for Schizophrenia?

Back 35

Unknown

Might be due to excess pairing of prefrontal and anterior temporal lobes.

Front 36

Signs/symptoms of schizophrenia.

Back 36

POSITIVE:
Hallucinations
Delusions

NEGATIVE:
Impaired judgement
Impaired thought processing
Flat affect (dull personality)

Front 37

Pathology of Schizophrenia

Back 37

Shallow LEFT superior temporal gyrus

Enlarged ventricles

Widened sulci in prefrontal area

Front 38

Side effect of anti-psychotic drugs.

Back 38

Tardive Dyskinesia

Front 39

What is the chemical imbalance in Schizophrenia?

Back 39

Increased dopamine in limbic areas

Front 40

Describe the physiological process in Positive symptoms for schizophrenias.

Back 40

Ventral Tegmental Area will increase dopaminergic activity (via MESOLIMBIC pathway) to the subcortical areas

Front 41

Describe the physiological process in Negative symptoms for schizophrenias.

Back 41

Ventral Tegmental Area will also project to the frontal cortex and cingulate cortex,

(via mesocortical tract)


causing diminished dopaminergic activity.

Front 42

Dopamine mediates movement via what tract?

Back 42

Nigrastriatal tract

Front 43

Dopamine mediates mood via what tract?

Back 43

Mesolimbic tract

Front 44

Dopamine mediates motivation via what tract?

Back 44

Mesolimbic

Front 45

Dopamine mediates mentation via what tract?

Back 45

Mesocortical

Front 46

Lesions of the insula might lead to what beneficial effects.

Back 46

Disappearance of craving and compulsion associated with drug addiction

Front 47

Which part of the brain is associated with decision making?

Back 47

Prefrontal (tertiary zone) cortex

Front 48

A right frontal lobe lesion would induce what symptom?

Back 48

Euphoria

Front 49

A left frontal lobe lesion would induce what symptom?

Back 49

Fearful, withdrawn, depressed

Front 50

Diseases/disorders of the bilateral frontal lobe
+
temporal lobe deficits
are?

Back 50

Schizophrenia

ADHD

Pick's Disease

Front 51

Describe the anatomical interface of the Prefrontal cortex to other parts of brain.

Back 51

To: Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

Superior longitudinal, Arcuate fasciculus

To Orbital Frontal Cortex (Limbic system)
Uncinate Fasciculus

Front 52

Primitive reflexes would be due to what lesion?

Back 52

Bilateral lesion to

Lateral prefrontal lobe

Front 53

Disinhibition of Primitive drives ("Emotional Incontinence") would be due to what?

Back 53

Bilateral lesion of the orbital prefrontal cortex

Front 54

Diseases/disorders of the bilateral frontal lobe
+
temporal lobe deficits
are?

Back 54

Schizophrenia

ADHD

Pick's Disease

Front 55

Describe the anatomical interface of the Prefrontal cortex to other parts of brain.

Back 55

To: Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

Superior longitudinal, Arcuate fasciculus

To Orbital Frontal Cortex (Limbic system)
Uncinate Fasciculus

Front 56

Primitive reflexes would be due to what lesion?

Back 56

Bilateral lesion to

Lateral prefrontal lobe

Front 57

Disinhibition of Primitive drives ("Emotional Incontinence") would be due to what?

Back 57

Bilateral lesion of the orbital prefrontal cortex