Neuroanatomy - Limbic System

Front 1

What does limbic/limbus mean?

why is it called this?

Back 1

Border

It forms a border around the corpus callosum.

Front 2

Olfactory is the only sense that doesn't go to the ________?

Back 2

Thalamus (centromedian nucleus)

Front 3

What are the four Fs of limbic function?

Back 3

* fighting/aggression
* flight
* feeding
* fooling around

Front 4

What controls our affective response?

Back 4

Limbic system (memory)

Front 5

What do the lateral olfactory stria project to?

Back 5

the cerebral cortex

Front 6

What is the primary olfactory area called, are where can it be found?

What are the secondary association olfactory areas called, are where can they be found?

Back 6

What is the primary olfactory area called, are where can it be found?
(Pyriform cortex of the rostral temporal lobe)

What are the secondary association olfactory areas called, are where can they be found? (entorhinal cortex and orbital frontal cortex - part of parahippocampus, feeds into hippocampus)

Front 7

What is the function of the amygdala in olfaction?

Back 7

affective response

Front 8

What is the function of the hippocampus in olfaction?

Back 8

Memory

Front 9

What sits just under the uncus?

Back 9

the amygdala

Front 10

What is the structure that has holes for the arteries that supply the internal capsule?

What are those arteries called and from what artery do they branch?
What is it called if one of the arteries burst?

Back 10

What is the structure that has holes for the arteries that supply the internal capsule?
(Anterior Perforated area)

What are those arteries called and from what artery do they branch?
(striate arteries, branch off of the middle cerebral)
(lacunar infarct)

Front 11

What is the most medial structure of the orbital cortex?

A herniation of it can cause what?

Back 11

Uncus - sits right off midbrain.
A herniation causes problems with eye movements (right next to CNIII)

Front 12

The olfactory tract arises from what types of cells in the olfactory bulb?

Back 12

Mitral cells and Tufted cells of the olfactory bulb

Front 13

Mitral cells and Tufted cells of the olfactory bulb give rise to what structure?

Back 13

Olfactory Tract

Front 14

Olfactory nerves arise from what type of cell of the olfactory epithelium?

Back 14

Olfactory nerves arise from the (bipolar cells) of the olfactory epithelium. (olfactory neurosensory cells)

Front 15

Bipolar Olfactory neurosensory cells give rise to what structures?

Back 15

Olfactory nerves.

Front 16

Olfactory nerves pass through what bone structure to reach the olfactory bulb?

Back 16

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.

Front 17

You smell pizza. What type of cells / what structures does it hit, in order?

Back 17

Smell --> olfactory neurosensory cells in nasal epithelium --> olfactory nerves --> olfactory bulb (mitral cells and tufted cells) --> olfactory tract

Front 18

What structure separates the olfactory bulb and olfactory epithelium?

Back 18

Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

Front 19

where are the 4 direct terminations of the olfactory tract?

Back 19

1) Piriform Cortex (rostral temporal cortex, front of the parahippocampus)
2) Entorhinal Cortex (back of the parahippocampus)
3) amygdala
4) Anterior perforated substance

Front 20

What separates the parahippocampal gyrus from the occipitotemporal gyrus?

Back 20

The collateral sulcus separates the parahippocampal gyrus from the occipitotemporal gyrus

Front 21

The collateral sulcus separates what two things?

Back 21

The collateral sulcus separates the parahippocampal gyrus from the occipitotemporal gyrus

Front 22

Which is located more caudally, the piriform cortex or the entorhinal cortex?

Back 22

The entorhinal cortex is located caudal. The piriform cortex is located rostrally.

Front 23

how many layers is the parahippocampus

Back 23

6

Front 24

how many layers is the hippocampus

Back 24

3

Front 25

what is the transition between the parahippocampus and the hippocampus called?

Back 25

Subiculum

Front 26

What structure "caps off" the hippocampus and is important in forming new memories?

Back 26

Dentate gyrus

Front 27

What structure sits on top of the hippocampus and gives off the fimbria?

What's so special about it?

Back 27

Alveus. It's a white matter tract that sits on top of the cortex (usually white matter is under the cortex)

Front 28

What type of cells are present in the hippocampus?

Back 28

pyramidal cells

Front 29

where do inputs come into the limbic system and where do they end?

Back 29

parahippocampus --> subiculum --> hippocampus --> dentate gyrus --> alveus of the fornix --> fimbria of the fornix

Front 30

what cells are highly metabolically active and require high amounts of oxygen? What happens due to anoxia?

Back 30

hippocampus cells are highly metabolically active and require high amounts of oxygen. They are very sensitive to anoxia. Results in amnesia (loss of memory)

Front 31

What is the function of the hippocampus?

Back 31

memory

Front 32

Pyramidal cells of the subiculum and hippocampus give rise to the ________?

Back 32

Fornix

Front 33

Memory is incorporated in the ___________ and stored in the ___________.

Back 33

Memory is incorporated in the (hippocampus) and stored in the (cortex) .

Front 34

What are the 4 afferent projections into the hippocampus?

Back 34

1) Cingulate gyrus and Cortex
2) Olfactory Rostral (piriform cortex?)
3) Parahippocampal gyrus
4) Septal Nuclei

Hint 34

"COPS come into the (hippo)campus"

Front 35

What is the main efferent output of the hippocampus and where are the 4 places it terminates?

Back 35

Fornix is the main output.
1) Mamillary bodies (in hypothalamus)
2) Nucleus accumbens (off of the precommisural fornix in the subcallosal gyrus)
3) Septal nuclei
4) Anterior Thalamic Nucleus

Hint 35

"you leave (hippo)campus in a MANS world)

Front 36

What neurotransmitter is secreted by the Nucleus Accumbens and what is it important for?

Back 36

Nucleus accumbens secretes ACh, which is important for Alzheimer's. A loss of nucleus Accumbens and its connections is associated with dementia.

Front 37

Alheimer's results from the loss of which nuclei and it neurotransmitter?

Back 37

Alzheimer's results in a loss of N. Accumbens and its neurotransmitter, ACh

Front 38

What is the connection from the Mammillary body to the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus called?

Back 38

Mammillothalamic fasciculus.

Front 39

Fornix is in the roof of what ventricle?

Back 39

Roof of third ventricle

Front 40

What is the name of the membrane that separates the lateral ventricles?

Back 40

Septum Pellucidum

Front 41

What connects the two temporal lobes?

Back 41

The anterior commisure, and it's important for learning.

Front 42

List the order of the connections in Papez Circuit

Back 42

Cingulate cortex - cingulum - parahippocampal gyrus - subiculum - hippocampus - fornix - mammillary body - mammillothalamic tract - anterior thalamic nucleus - cingulate cortex

Front 43

What is located in the rostral part of the third ventricle, just behind the genu of corpus internal capusle and sits below anterior commisure?

Back 43

Amygdala

Front 44

What 3 main things project into the amygdala?

Back 44

1) Memory (from the subiculum)
2) Olfactory (from olfactory bulb/tract)
3) Autonomics (from the septal nuclei and the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus)

Front 45

The amygdala is located where in the brain?

Back 45

temporal lobe

Front 46

Amygdala projects to the septal nuclei and nucleus accumbens through what?

Back 46

stria terminalis

Front 47

The amygdala projects to what 5 things?

Back 47

1) Septal Nuclei
2) Nucleus Accumbens
3) Entorhinal cortex
4) Hypothalamus!!
5) brainstem (through the mediaforebrain bundle)

Hint 47

Hi Everybody, Neuro Sucks Balls

Front 48

The output of the limbic system is the ___________ and is important for affective component of behavior.

Back 48

amygdala

Front 49

The amygdala is the output of the limbic system to autonomic nuclei, through the ______________?

Back 49

medial forebrain bundle

Front 50

"Kill or be killed"
Able to train yourself to act a different way. access different pathways through the _________ and _____

Back 50

"Kill or be killed"
Able to train yourself to act a different way. access different pathways through the (amygdala) and (hypothalamus)

Front 51

Amygdala is important for :

Back 51

affective component of behavior

Front 52

Stimulation of the Lateral hypothalamus causes ________ aggression

Back 52

predatory aggression = lateral hypothalamus

Front 53

Stimulation of the medial hypothalamus causes ________ aggression

Back 53

affective aggression = medial hypothalamus

Front 54

These two nuclei have connections and play a role in reinforcement

Back 54

Nucleus Accumbens and Septal Nuclei

Front 55

Septal Nuclei are important for:

Back 55

visceral responses

Front 56

Nucleus accumbens are ________ neurons that function in autonomics and memory

Back 56

Cholinergic

Front 57

This nuclei is cholinergic and functions in autonomics and memory

Back 57

Nucleus Accumbens

Front 58

How is memory generated?

Back 58

Through the Papez circuit.

Front 59

Where does the cortex bring new information into?

Back 59

Cingulate Cortex!!!!!!!!!

Front 60

From where does the cingulate cortex receive new information?

Back 60

Cortex!!!!!

Front 61

What type of cells exhibit "long term potentiation" and what does this mean?

Back 61

Pyramidal cells of the hippocampus. Means cells will change the patterns/properties of their firing with repetitive stimulation

Front 62

What is the special type of cell in the hippocampus called, and what makes them special?

Back 62

Pyramidal cells. Exhibit "long term potentiation"

Front 63

Where is functional memory stored?

Where is visual memory stored?

Where is sensory memory stored?

Back 63

Where is functional memory stored?
(frontal cortex)

Where is visual memory stored?
(Occipital cortex)

Where is sensory memory stored?
(Parietal cortex)

Front 64

Where do addictive substances have a huge impact?

Name the 4 self-stimulating areas:

Back 64

On the circuits that include the medial forebrain bundle.

1) Lateral Hypothalamus
2) Ventral Tegmental Area
3) Dorsal Pons
4) Septal area

Hint 64

"Ladies, VD Sucks" so self-stimulate

Front 65

What is the major neurotransmitter involved with reward and behavior?

Back 65

Dopamine

Front 66

when you say "I really like this", its coming from circuits along what?

Back 66

The medial forebrain bundle.

Front 67

Where is the lesion in Kluver-Bucy Syndrome and what are the clinical features?

Back 67

BILATERAL temporal lobe lesions involving the amygdala.

* flat affect - docility with loss of emotional expression
* Loss of learning (if lesion is big enough)
* excessive exploratory behavior (oral fixation)
* hyperphagia - eats a lot
* Visual agnosia - loss of recognition of the significance of visual stimuli
* Abnormal/inappropriate sexual behaviors (indiscriminate mounting)

Front 68

A patient presents with injuries to both temporal lobes. The patient has a flat affect, eats a lot, has lost some learning, and doesn't seem to recognize the significance of visual stimuli. What was damaged and what syndrome do they have?

Back 68

Amygdala was damaged bilaterally and they have "Kluver-Bucy syndrome"

Front 69

"temporal lobe Epilepsy", what causes it/how does it work

Back 69

Damage to the cortex can result in a focus of hyperexcitable patch of cortex that looses inhibitory influences of local cells and excitation spirals out of control leading to convulsions.

Front 70

The epileptic focus of "temporal lobe epilepsy" may be deduced by symptoms. Where is the damage if the patient experiences:
1) olfactory hallucination?
2) Deja Vu
3) Fear or apprehension (anxiety)
4) Rage
5) Autonomic Response (sweating and increased heart rate)

Back 70

1) olfactory hallucination?
* Orbital, frontal, or entorhinal
2) Deja Vu
* Hippocampus
3) Fear or apprehension (anxiety)
* amygdala
4) Rage
* amygdala stimulation can cause rage response
5) Autonomic Response (sweating and increased heart rate)
*Anywhere in the temporal lobe??? I don't know this answer.

Front 71

What is dementia and damage to what area can cause it?

Back 71

Dementia is a profound loss of memory typically associated with lesions in the hippocampal formation.

Front 72

What is Anterograde memory, and how is it affected in dementia?

Back 72

The ability to aquire and store new memories.
This ability is lost in dementia.

Front 73

What is Retrograde memory, and how is it affected in dementia?

Back 73

The ability to remember significant memories of past events.
This ability may be intact

Front 74

What is declarative memory, and how is it affected in dementia?

Back 74

Ability to recall events, peoples names, faces
This ability can be lost.

Front 75

What is non-declarative memory, and how is it affected in dementia?

Back 75

The ability to remember how to ride a bike, words of language, music or anything that can be done with minimal "recall"

This ability IS NOT LOST!

Front 76

What type of memory is not affected in dementia, or lesions in the hippocampal formation?

Back 76

Non-Declarative memory is not lost.

Front 77

What is a very common type of injury to the hippocampus that can result in dementia?

Back 77

Anoxia.

The hippocampus is very sensitive to anoxia.

Front 78

What do "Wernicke's encephalopathy" and "Korsakoff's Syndrome" have in common?

Back 78

Both involve alcohol (ETOH)

Front 79

What is Wernicke's encephalopathy?
* where is the damage?
* what causes it? (two things)
* What symptoms?
* Can it improve with treatment?

Back 79

* where is the damage?
- disfunctions/degeneration in the mammillary bodies
* what causes it? (two things)
- associated with chronic ETOH abuse and lack of Thiamine
* What symptoms?
- Confusion, memory loss, altered mental status, gate abnormality
* Can it improve with treatment?
- yes, fluids, thiamine, vitamins)

Front 80

Your drunk uncle comes over and doesn't seem to know where he is or how he got there, and he's having trouble walking. What limbic lesion syndrome might he have, and what area of the brain is likely damaged?

Back 80

He has Wernicke's encephalopathy. Dysfunctions/degeneration in the mammillary bodies.

Front 81

What is korsakoff's syndrome?
AKA ___________?
Damage to what?
Reversible?
Symptoms?

Back 81

* AKA Amnestic confabulatory syndrome
* non reversible degeneration of mammillary bodies
* patient will substitute fanciful realities
Fill in details when questioned about their condition
* may hallucinate
("Uncle Jemima")

Front 82

What type of hallucinations often result from drug use?

What type are endogenous/psychosis related?

Back 82

Visual - drugs
Auditory, olfactory - endogenous/psychosis