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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define genetic engineering |
The general name for techniques involving changing genes or transferring them from one species to another |
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Define cloning |
a process which gives rise to identical copies. cloning can be of DNA sequences, genes, cells or whole organisms |
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Define restriction enzyme |
ezymes used to cut DNA into different segments |
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Define re-combinant DNA |
DNA formed by joining segments of DNA from different species |
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Define DNA polymerase |
The enzyme that catalyses the reaction of DNA replication |
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Define polymerase chain reaction |
a reaction in which millions of copies of the DNA can be made in a short period of time |
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Define DNA probe |
a short section of labelled DNA or RNA which is complementary to the base sequence of a part of a gene and can be used to locate it in a cell |
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Define gene mapping |
a process invloved in locating genes to the particular positions on chromosomes |
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Define genome |
the total set of genes for an organism |
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Define ligase enzyme |
enzymes involved in rejoining the strands of DNA |
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Define plasmid |
A separate, circular piece of DNA in bacteria, capable of independent replication, that can be transferred between individuals. |
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Define microparticle gun |
A device used to deliver foreign DNA into plant cells |
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Define viral vector |
a virus that can be used in genetic manipulation to transfer desired genes into a host organism |
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Define transgenic |
an organism which has a transferred gene incorporated into the chromosomes of its cells |
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Where are plasmids important? |
plasmids are important in the transfer of genetic information in the process of genetic engineering |
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How has genetic engineering or modification been made possible? |
by the isolation and manipulation of genes extracted from the DNA of species Wh |
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What does genetic engineering involve? |
genetic engineering involves taking genes from one organism and transferring them to another species or putting the back into the original organism in an altered fashion, |
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What are some uses for genetic engineering? |
- producing desired proteins like insulin or vaccines
- improving plants - improving animals |
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What are examples of plant improvements using genetic engineering? |
- making pest-resistant cotton - plants with increased viral resistance - making plants more nutritious |
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What are the main processes in genetically engineering an organism? |
1. finding gene of interest
2. using enzymes to isolate gene 3. sequencing gene to determine its structure 4. inserting gene into cells of a target organism 5. growing the transformed cells into a complete organism |
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How do gene probes bind? |
in a complementary manny to the gene of interest |
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How many nucleotides do most restriction enzymes recognise? |
4-8 nucleotides |
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How do restrictiion enzymes work? |
they work by making incisions through the sugar-phosphate backbone |
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what is electroporation? |
is an electrical pulse method in which DNA can be delivered directly into cells |
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What are the techniques used for transferring genes between plants? |
1. using bacterium 2. using electroporation 2. using a microparticle gene gun |
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What is a virus? |
a particle that consists of genetic material either DNA or RNA combined with protein |
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when do virus particles produce? |
only in the cells of the host organism that they inflict |
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how do scientists use viral particles as vectors to transmit genetic information? |
by attaching a required gene to the genome of the virus and the engineering the virus to infect particular tissues |
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what are some organisms created through genetic manipulation? |
- whole individuals such as Dolly the Finn Dorset sheep - transgenic organisms for improved meat production - insect-resistant plants by transferring genes that confer resistance - new plants - re-creating extinct species |
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What are some substances created through genetic manipulation? |
- insulin, for human hormones - vaccines for hepatitis and other diseases - growth hormones - enzymes used in laundry detergents - a variety of useful drugs |
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What are some steps for producing useful protein like insulin? |
- insulin producing gene is identified and removed form human chromosome - gene is inserted into E.coli plasmid - recombinant DNA is placed back into the E.coli - cloning of re-combinant bacteria produces many cells with the human insulin gene by using specific controls, E.coli can make human insulin protein that can be collected and purified |
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Explain the use of bacterium to transfer genes between plants |
the bacterium used naturally injects DNA into plant chromosomes. the disease inducing genes of the bacteria has been removed, enabling it to transfer the required gene into a specific plant cell |
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What can the micro-particle gun be used for? |
The micro-particle gun can be used to fire up the DNA or insert molecules like gold or tungsten into the cells |
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how do you transfer genes into animals. |
Inject the DNA directly into the pro-nucleus of the fertilised egg using a fine glass needle, it is then transplanted back into a pregnant animal to develop in the normal fashion |
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what is gene therapy? |
it is a process in which a person suffering from a disease has a replacement gene transferred into the cells. |
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what is the technique for transferring genes into animals cells called? |
Micro-injection |
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animals created with micro-injected genes are called what? |
transgenic animals |
