M1-C2-L42 --> Introduction To Autonomic Drugs

Front 1

What are the subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system?

Back 1

1. Somatic nervous system (voluntary)
2. Autonomic nervous system
(involuntary)

Front 2

Somatic innervations consists of _____ neuron(s) arising in the _________ and extending via the _________ to the skeletal muscles.

Back 2

Single
Spinal Cord
Ventral Root

Front 3

Somatic innervation neurons release what?

Back 3

Acetylcholine

Front 4

Autonomic innervations consist of how many neuron(s)?

Back 4

2 sequential neurons - preganglionic and postganglionic.

Front 5

Where do autonomic innvervations synapse at?

Back 5

Autonomic ganglia

Front 6

What are the divisions of autonomic nervous system?

Back 6

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Front 7

At what level does the preganglionic neurons exit the spinal cord?

Back 7

Thoraco-lumbar

Front 8

Preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic nerves at _______________ and _______________.

Back 8

Para-vertebral ganglia (22 pairs on each side of spinal cord)

Prevertebral ganglia (celiac, mesentaric) in the abdomen.

Front 9

What is considered to be a modified sympathetic ganglion?

Back 9

Adrenal medulla

Front 10

Describe the innvervation of sympathetic nerves.

Back 10

One SHORT preganglionic fiber synapsing with several (one or more) LONG postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic ganglia.

Front 11

What does the autonomic nervous system innervate?

Back 11

Cardiac muscle, vascular/nonvascular smooth muscle, and exocrine glands.

Front 12

In sympathetic nervous system, what is the ratio of pre to postganglionic fibers?

Back 12

1:20

Front 13

T/F - Sympathetic fibers have a ratio of pre to postganglionic fibers which allow for diffuse action.

Back 13

True - Fight or flight responses.

Front 14

T/F - Sympathetic nervous system is essential for life.

Back 14

False.

Front 15

T/F - Sympathetic nervous system is sometimes active and sometimes inactive.

Back 15

False - It is normally active with degree of activity varying from moment to moment, and organ to organ.

Front 16

T/F - Sympathetic nervous system does not adjust to changing environment.

Back 16

False. It does adjust with changes in environment.

Front 17

What does sympathetic nervous response do to:

Heart Rate
Blood Flow
Blood Glucose
Pupils

Back 17

Heart rate increases
Blood flow shifts to muscles
Blood glucose levels increase
Pupils dilate

Front 18

In the parasympathetic nervous system, where does the preganglionic neurons originate from?

Back 18

Cranial nerves of the brain stem, and Sacral portion of the spinal cord.

Front 19

In the parasympathetic nervous system, where would you expect the synapse to occur?

Back 19

VERY CLOSE to the ganglia or IN the organs innervated.

Front 20

Describe the innervation mechanism of parasympathetic nerves.

Back 20

ONE LONG preganglionic fiber synapsing with ONE SHORT postganglionic fiber

Front 21

For MOST (not always) cases, the ratio of pre to postganglionic in the parasympathetic nervous system.

Back 21

1:1

Front 22

Describe the discrete action of parasympathetic nervous system.

Back 22

Conservation and restoration of energy, lo calized control of discrete functions.

Front 23

T/F - Parasympathetic nervous system is essential for life.

Back 23

True

Front 24

Describe the Parasympathetic response to:

Heart Rate
Blood Pressure
Retina
Bladder

Back 24

Heart rate decreases
Blood pressure decreases
Protects retina from light
Empties bladder

Front 25

T/F - The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems usually function independently.

Back 25

False - They are PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTAGONISTS

Front 26

Acetylcholine (ACh or Cholinergic) synapses include? x 3

Back 26

1. All PREganglionic fibers outside CNS (sympathetic & parasympathetic)

2. All parasympathetic POSTganglionic nerve endings
(Exception to this is sweat glands)

3. Somatic motor neurons innervating skeletal muscles

Front 27

Noradrenergic (NE) synapses include? x 2

Back 27

1. All POSTganglionic sympathetic fibers (except those to sweat glands)

2. Adrenal Medulla (Norepinephrine and epinephrine)

Front 28

Acetylcholine is synthesized from what?

Back 28

Acetyl CoA and Choline

Front 29

Acetylcholine synthesis requires what enzyme?

Back 29

Choline Acetyl transferase

Front 30

What is the major means of INACTIVATION of acetylcholine?

Back 30

Degradation in the synapse using the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

Front 31

What are the Acetylcholine (Cholinergic) receptors? x 2

Back 31

Muscarinic
Nictonic

Front 32

Muscarinic receptors are part of what fibers?

Back 32

POSTganglionic parasympathetic fibers (except those innervating sweat glands)

Front 33

Muscarinic receptors help innervate what?

Back 33

Heart, smooth muscle, and exocrine glands.

Front 34

What blocks muscarinic receptors?

Back 34

Antimuscarinic agents

Front 35

What does atropine do?

Back 35

Block muscarinic receptors.

Front 36

Describe the biphasic response of nicotinic receptors.

Back 36

Stimulation at low doses.
Followed by inhibition at high doses.

Front 37

Nicotinic receptors are part of what nervous system(s)?

Back 37

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic autonomic ganglia.

Adrenal Medulla

Front 38

Nictonic receptor effects can be blocked with what? x 2

Back 38

1. Ganglionic blockers
2. Neuromuscular blockers

Front 39

Nicotinic receptors can be found where?

Back 39

At the neuromuscular junction.

Front 40

Curare is an example of what?

Back 40

Neuromuscular blocker of nicotinic receptor.

Front 41

Trimethaphan and hexamethonium are examples of what?

Back 41

Ganglionic blockers of the nicotinic receptors.

Front 42

What is norepinephrine synthesized from?

Back 42

Tyrosine

Front 43

Tyrosine hydroxylase does what?

Back 43

Converts Tyrosine to DOPA

Front 44

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase does what?

Back 44

Converts DOPA to dopamine

Front 45

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase does what?

Back 45

Converts dopamine to norepinephrine.

Front 46

What does phenylethanolamine N-methyl-transferase do?

Back 46

Converts norepinephrine to epinephrine.

Front 47

What is the major means of inactivation of norepinephrine?

Back 47

REUPTAKE back into the presynaptic neuron form which it was released.

Front 48

Alpha 1 NE (noradrenergic) receptors found where?

Back 48

1. Vascular SM (contraction)
2. Genitourinary SM (contraction)
3. Liver (contraction)
4. Intestinal SM (hyperpolarization and relaxation)
5. Heart (increased contractile force, arrythmias)

Front 49

Alpha 2 NE (noradrenergic) receptors found where?

Back 49

1. Pancreatic islets (beta cells, decreased insulin secretion)
2. Platelets (aggregation)
3. Vascular SM (contraction)

Front 50

Beta 1 NE (noradrenergic) receptors found where?

Back 50

1. Heart (increased force and rate of contraction, AV nodal conduction velocity)
2. Juxtaglomerular cells (increased renin secretion)

Front 51

Beta 2 NE (noradrenergic) receptors found where?

Back 51

1. Smooth muscles (vascular/bronchial/GI/genitourinary) (relaxation)
2. Skeletal muscles (glycogenolysis; uptake of K+)
3. Liver (glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis)

Front 52

Potential ways to affect autonomic neurotransmission. x 5

Back 52

1. Synthesis
2. Storage (vesicles)
3. Release (Ca2+ dependent exocytosis)
4. Receptor activation
5. Termination

Front 53

How can you affect autonomic neurotransmission via synthesis? x 2

Back 53

1. Availability of precursors for NT
2. Availability of synthesis enzymes

Front 54

How can you affect the autonomic neurotransmission via storage (vesicles)? x 2

Back 54

1. Protect the NT from degradation
2. Provide for the quantal release of NT

Front 55

How can you affect the autonomic neurotransmission via release (Ca2+ dependent exocytosis)?

Back 55

Interfere or enhance release of NT.

Front 56

How can you affect the autonomic neurotransmission via receptor activation?

Back 56

Use agonists vs antagonists

Front 57

Describe agonists in terms of affinity and intrinsic activity.

Back 57

High affinity (binds well to receptor)

High intrinsic activity (good biological response)

Front 58

Describe antagonists in terms of affinity and intrinsic activity.

Back 58

High affinity (binds well to receptor)

NO intrinsic value (no biological response, but causes effects by simply preventing agonists to bind)

Front 59

How can you affect the autonomic neurotransmission via termination?

Back 59

METABOLISM of ACh in synaptic cleft via Acetylcholinesterase.

REUPTAKE of norepinephrine into presynaptic neuron.