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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the lymphatic system composed of?
3 things |
Primary/secondary lymphoid TISSUES
lymph NODES lymphatic VESSELS parallel circ system |
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what is lymph?
how does it circulate? |
yellow fluid derived from tissue fluid.
via lymph vessels, through nodes to recieve macrophages/lymphocytes/Iglblns - the trash flow |
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What are the primary lymphoid organs?
(2 adult we normally think of, 1 fetal) |
bone marrow and thymus
fetal = liver |
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what are the secondary lymph organs?
3 |
nodes, spleen, MALT.
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What differentiates lymphocytes?
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CD markers - cluster designation
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3 types of lymph cells
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T
B NK |
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what percent of lymphs are B cells?
how long do they live? what is their function? |
15% to 35%;
short lived; function to produce antibody |
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what is an end-stage B cell?
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a PLASMA CELL with capability of remembering antigens and making antibody later.
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what percent of circ lymphs are T cells?
whats their function? what are the 2 subsets |
65-85%
regulators and effectors of immunity Thelpers Tsuppressors |
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what is it called when red cells form around a lymph?
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Spontaneous sheep erythrocyte rosetting
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what are the 2 ways NK cells kill?
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1. ADCC - antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
2. Instructional model - cells w/out CD4 lack the inhibitory signal, so NK cells are directed to kill them. |
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What is lymphocytosis?
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increase
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When is lymphocytosis seen? (7 diseases)
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Viral infection
Bordatella pertussis EBV - mono Cytomegalovirus TB Toxoplasma gondii Malignancies |
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7 diseases lymphocytopenia is seen:
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-Aplastic anemia
Immunodeficiency TB Radiation therapy Chemotherapy/immunotherapy Glucocorticoid release Platelet apheresis |
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Based on granules, how do you know a lymph is not a monocyte?
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If you can count the granules, it's not a monocyte.
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contrast chromatin in large lymphs and reactive:
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large = fine, homogenous
reactive: clumps, diffused throughout the nucleus instead of clumped at periphery. |
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In what cells do you see a perinuclear halo? What is it?
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Plasma cells - endstage B cells.
The Golgi apparatus for making antibody |
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what is the cyanmethemoglobin reaction?
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1. Ferricyanide oxidizes Hgb to Methemoglobin in alkaline med.
2. Methgb +Cyanide = Cynmethgb Cyanmethgb absorbs at 540 nm |
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what are 4 potential sources of a falsely elevated Hgb?
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-Gross lipemia
-Leukocytosis -Sickle-resistant red cells -Macroglobulinemia |
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How do you correct a lipemic hgb measurement that is falsely elevated?
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-Spin blood; dilute plasma in 5 ml cyanmethgb.
Amount to use = (1-Hct)x20uL Measure OD and subtract from original Hgb msmnt. |
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How do you correct a leukemic Hgb msmnt?
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Do a normal hgb; then spin the cyanmethgb and read OD of supernat = correct HgB conc.
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When would you dilute a spcimen for Hgb in half with water?
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incomplete lysis due to:
-Sickle cell anemia -Thalassemia -Bilirubin |
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For hgb msmnts greater than 18g/dl, what should be done?
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Dilute the sample further,then multiply the result by the dilution factor.
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What are 4 potential sources of hematocrit error?
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-Poorly mixed blood
-Partially clotted blood -Inadequetely sealed tube -Inadequete speed/force/duration of spin |
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Why would a Hct be falsely decreased?
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If the sample was spun too hard.
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What is the principle of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate?
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Big, formed elements settle faster because they are more dense. These are increasd in infection, and cause RBCs to form rouleaux and settle faster.
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Why do you do an ESR?
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to evaluate the extent of infection, inflammation, hyperviscous syndrome, and degenerative states.
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What is carboxyhemoglobin?
Methgb? Sulfhgb? What is the result of each? |
Carboxy = hgb + CO; no O2 transfer.
Meth = ferric iron; doesn't carry O2 well. Sulf = hgb + sulfur |
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What color results from
Carboxyhgb methgb sulfhgb |
Carboxy = bright cherry red
Meth = brown Sulf = lavender. |
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what are the limitations on specimen usage in the ESR?
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must use blood 2 hrs after draw
or refrig up to 12 hrs -must be room temp |
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how long does the ESR go?
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1 hr; can be read +/- five min
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What are 6 uses for a particle manual count?
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-spinal fluid
-synovial fluid -pleural fluid -peritoneal fluid -total eosin -problem platelets |
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what is used to dilute RBCs for a manual particle count?
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Hayam's gower normal saline
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what is used to dilute WBC for a manual particle count?
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Acetic acid
Turk's HCL |
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what do the diluents for WBC do?
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lyse RBCs.
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what are the precision limitations of the particle count?
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chambers must agree w/in 10%
squares must agree w/in 8 cells Count must be within 1000cells/ul of the predetermined count. |
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An overly blue peripheral smear indicates what?
Overly red? |
Blue = too much alkaline buffer.
Red = too acidic of buffer. |
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What does methylene blue stian?
what does eosin stain? |
methylene blue stains acidic components; nucleic acid, basophilic granules.
eosin stains basic components; major basic protein, azurophilic granules. |
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what 4 reasons would make you repeat a diff?
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-noting abnormal cells
-nRBCs present -immature cells -Agranulocytosis |
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which cell in RBC maturation is the first production of Hgb seen in?
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the first one; rubriblast.
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which cell is the last one capable of division?
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third - rubricyte/polychromatophilic normoblast
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which cell is the last one w/ a nucleus?
what is the cell often called? |
metarubricyte/orthochromic normoblast;
aka, nRBC. |
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what cell is a retic? what charactizes it?
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diffusely basophilic erythrocyte/polychromatic erythrocyte; no nucleus, so just dots of RNA that condense with new methylene blue
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what is the function of a retic?
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-to mature in the bmarrow.
-to synthesize 45% of Hgb |
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What is the chemical makeup of a retic?
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-Mitochondria
-Protein machinery -No nucleus |
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What does an RPI of greater than three in an anemic individual indicate?
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hemolytic anemia
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what does an RPI of greater than 2 but less than 3 in an anemic individual indicate?
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the bone marrow is responding to treatment
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