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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the morpholog. characteristics of a SPHEROCYTE?
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-spherical RBC w/ dense Hgb
-decreased Surface:Volume ratio |
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What are 2 physiologic. diffnces about the RBC spherocyte?
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1. Membrane is abnormal.
2. Fragments are lost from hitting fibrin or diseased vessels; result of incomplete phagocytosis. |
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what 2 clinical disorders do spherocytes indicate?
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-hereditary spherocytosis
-acquired immunohemolytic anemia |
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What is a codocyte?
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a target cell
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what are 2 morph chrctstcs of a codocyte?
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1. RBC w/ central pigmentation (should have a complete pallor)
2. Increased SA:Vol ratio |
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what are 3 physiological diffnces in the codocyte?
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1. Hgb synthesis failed.
2. Cholesterol/phospholipid accumulated on membrane. 3. Postsplenectomy, retics can't lose lipid fast enough. |
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what 3 disorders are codocytes seen in?
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1. Hemoglobinapathies
2. Liver disease 3. Post-splenectomy. |
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what is hereditary spherocytosis?
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genetic, dominant autosomal defect.
Spectrin is defective; RBCs get stuck in the spleen - not deformable enough. |
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acanathocyte
-what is it? -what's another name for it? |
-RBC w/ weird, blunt spicules of varying lengths.
aka, SPUR cell |
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what causes acanthocytes?
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an increase in the membrane Cholesterol:Lecithin ratio
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What 3 pathologies do acanthocytes indicate?
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1. Abetalipoproteinemia
2. Liver disease 3. Pyruvate kinase deficiency |
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Echinocytes:
-what are they? -2 other names? |
-RBC w/ spicules EVENLY distrib.
aka, burr/crenated cells |
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Why do Echinocytes form?
(2 causes) |
1. Because environm. inside or outside the cell changes,
2. Plasma or metabolic changes make fatty acids/lysolecithin accumulate on RBC surface. |
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Are echinocytes reversible?
are spherocytes? |
yes
no |
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what 2 clinical disorders do echinocytes indicate?
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1. uremia
2. pyruvate deficiency thermal injury |
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what are stomatocytes?
what are they also called? |
-uniconcave inst. of biconcave.
-slit pallor instead of central also called mouth cells |
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what causes stomatocytes?
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alterations in membrane that make cation permeability, content, and flux abnormal.
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what 3 clinical disorders are stomatocytes seen in?
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1. hereditary stomatocytosis from liver disease.
2. Alcoholic Liver cirrhosis 3. cancer - malignancies |
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what are elliptocytes?
what's another name? |
oval-elongated ellipsoid cells.
aka, ovalocytes |
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what 2 things cause elliptocytes?
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1. hereditary abnormality
2. acquired alteration |
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2 clinical disorders that are indicated by elliptocytes:
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1. Hereditary elliptocytosis
2. various anemias |
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What are schizocytes?
2 more names? |
Extremely distorted, fragmented cells.
Schistocytes, helmet cells |
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What 2 things cause schizocytes?
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1. Impact with Fibrin/diseased vessel/artificial surface.
2. Microspherocytes or schizospherocytes |
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What are 2 clinical disorders that schizocytes indicate?
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1. Malignant hypertension (Micro-angiopathic hemolytic anemia)
2. Heat injury or Incomplete phagocytosis |
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What are Dacrocytes?
2 more names? |
Cells w/ one long pointy extremity.
Teardrop, caudate |
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What makes us see Dacrocytes on a blood smear?
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just distortion of RBCs.
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what 3 clinical disorders are indicated by presence of dacrocytes?
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1. Myelofibrosis
2. Thallasemias 3. Megaloblastic anemia |
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What's a drepanocyte?
What's another name for it? |
Sickle cells - contain polymers of HbS - can be bipolar spiculated, holly leaf, or boat-shaped.
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What causes sickle cells?
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aggregation of Hemoglobin S molecules.
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what disease is indicated by derpanocytes?
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Hemoglobin S disease.
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what does basophilic stippling look like?
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round, irregular blue granules
even distribution throughout cell |
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what cells have basophilic stippling?
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retics
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what are granules in basophilic stippling made of?
why do they form? |
abnormal aggregates of RNA
they form when there's a problem with putting Iron Fe into the Heme group. |
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What 3 diseases does basophilic stippling occur in?
What anemia do you know it's NOT if you see basoph. stippling? |
1. Hemoglobinopathy
2. Sideroblastic anemia 3. Megaloblastic anemia NOT iron deficiency |
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what does a Howell-jolly body look like?
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a small round, purple thing, that is placed eccentrically in the cell.
only ONE |
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what 3 cells can howell jolly bodies be seen in?
what are they made of? |
Erythroblasts
Erythrocytes Retics - Basically anything. -Made of DNA |
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are howell jolly bodies normal or abnormal?
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both!
normal - rna expulsion isn't complete or karyorrhexis abnormal: chromosomes lag |
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when is it normal to see howell-jolly bodies?
when is it abnormal? |
Normal: post-splenectomy
Abnormal: in megaloblastic anemia. |
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What are Cabot Rings?
What cells are they seen in? |
A complete, incomplete, or twisted ring of microtubule.
Seen in erythroblasts and retics. |
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why do cabot rings form?
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abnormal mitosis causes the microtubule to remain from the spindle.
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what 2 diseases are cabot rings seen in?
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-Megaloblastic anemia
-Dyserythropoeisis |
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What are pappenheim bodies?
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-blue chunks of iron within micelles within mitochondria!
-Stain turqoise with Perl's Prussian blue |
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what cells are pappenheims seen in?
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erythroblasts,
retics, erythrocytes |
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why do pappenheims form?
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abnormal incorporation of iron into the heme group
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2 things caused by faulty iron incorporation into heme:
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-Basophilic stippling
-Pappenheim bodies |
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What 5 disorders are pappenheim bodies seen in?
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-Sideroblastic anemia
-Hemolytic anemia -Hemoglobinopathies -Dyserythropoiesis -Pre-leukemia |
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what is a reticulocyte?
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immature RBC that contains RNA that precipitates with stain
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what 2 types of stain are used for retics?
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-New Methylene Blue
-Brilliant Cresyl Blue |
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Where are Retics seen?
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Normally, in peripheral blood.
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What are Siderocytes?
-What are they analogous to? |
Cells single or multiple eccentric granules.
Analogous to pappenheimer bodies. |
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What stain is for siderocytes?
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-Perl's Prussion blue - stains them turquoise.
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What are siderocytes normally observed in?
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Bone marrow - ferritin aggregates in siderosomes in developing cells.
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What are Heinz bodies?
What are 2 reasons for their forming? |
Blue-purple aggregates of globin chains due to:
-Heme-globin dissociation -Hgb oxidation due to enzyme deficiency. |
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What enzyme deficiency causes Heinz bodies?
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-G-6-PD; makes hemoglobin unstable.
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What 2 stains are used for Heinz bodies?
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-Cresyl violet
-Methyl violet after incubation w/ oxidizing agent. |
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What are Hgb H Inclusion bodies?
What causes them? What stains them? |
Excess in B-chains (globin chains) that get oxidized and precipitate to fine stippling.
-Alpha thallasemia -Brilliant Cresyl Blue |
