Lymphatic And Immune Systems

Front 1

What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

Back 1

1.Fluid balance
2. protection from infection
3. absorption of fat

Front 2

Lymphatic vessels pick up fluid in the tissue and return it to the blood in vessels near the heart. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 2

True

Front 3

What type of blood vessel receives lymph collected from the body?

Back 3

Vein (subclavian)

Front 4

Name 3 broad characteristics of the lymphatic system.

Back 4

1. System of tissue and vessels
2. Scattered throughout the body
3. Services almost all regions

Front 5

Name 3 characteristics of the circulation of the lymphatic system.

Back 5

1.1-way system
2. Begins in tissue
3. Ends in blood stream

Front 6

What do 'lacteals' do?

Back 6

Absorb digested fat

Front 7

What capillaries are more permeable? Blood or lymph?

Back 7

Lymphatic capillaries

Front 8

What are the lymphatic capillary walls made of?

Back 8

They are flattened epithelial cells

Front 9

What does 'arise blindly' mean?

Back 9

Closed at one end.

Front 10

What forms the 1-way valve?

Back 10

Overlapping cells.

Front 11

Name 2 differences between blood and lymph capillaries.

Back 11

1. Lymph capillaries arise blindly/start anywhere
2.Lymphatic capillaries are more porous

Front 12

Name the 2 lymphatic vessels.

Back 12

1. Right lymphatic duct
2. Thoracic duct

Front 13

What parts of the body does the thoracic duct serve? Where is it located?

Back 13

1. Lower extremities
2. Left side of body

Front 14

Which is the bigger of the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts?

Back 14

The thoracic duct

Front 15

What veins do both lymphatic ducts drain?

Back 15

The subclavian veins.

Front 16

Where is the cisterna chyli and what is it?

Back 16

1. At base of thoracic duct
2. Holding tank for lymph

Front 17

What is the name of the vessels that absorb digested fat?

Back 17

Lacteals

Front 18

What type of lymphatic vessel carries lymph INTO a node?

Back 18

Afferent

Front 19

What type of lymphatic vessel carries lymph out of a node?

Back 19

Efferent

Front 20

Name 4 lymph node groups.

Back 20

1.Cervical
2.Axillary
3.Mesenteric
4.Inguinal

Front 21

What are and what is the function of a lymph node?

Back 21

Small masses of lymphatic tissue which filter lymph.

Front 22

The popliteal lymph nodes in the right leg drain into the left lymphatic duct. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 22

True.

Front 23

What parts of the body does the right lymphatic duct serve?

Back 23

Upper superior right quadrant.

Front 24

Name a infection that can seriously damage the spleen.

Back 24

Mononucleosis

Front 25

Where do red blood cells get produced before birth?

Back 25

The Spleen

Front 26

Name 4 functions of the spleen.

Back 26

1. Cleanses blood
2. Destroys old blood cells
3. Is reservoir for blood
4.Produces red blood cells before birth

Front 27

The spleen is involved in any system infection. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 27

True

Front 28

What kind of immune system cells develop in the thymus?

Back 28

T cells.

Front 29

Name 4 functions of the thymus.

Back 29

1.Involved in early immune system development
2. Develops T cells
3.Promotes lymphocyte growth
4.Promotes lymphoid tissue activity

Front 30

What hormone does the thymus produce? What does this hormone do? Name 3 things.

Back 30

Thymosin
1.Develops T cells
2. Promotes lymphocyte growth
3. Promotes lymphoid tissue activity

Front 31

Name 3 types of tonsils.

Back 31

1.Palatine
2.Pharyngeal - adnoids
3.Lingual

Front 32

What 2 main purposes do tonsils serve?

Back 32

Remove contaminants and trap pathogens

Front 33

What is the general location of the tonsils?

Back 33

Throughout the head

Front 34

What is MALT?

Back 34

Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Front 35

Name a type of MALT.

Back 35

Peyer patches

Front 36

Another name for gut-associated lymphoid tissue?

Back 36

GALT

Front 37

What is the name of the collections of cells responsible for destroying worn-out cells, cellular debris, cancer cells, bacteria and other harmful substances?

Back 37

The reticuloendothelial system

Front 38

Where are the dust cells located?

Back 38

In the lungs

Front 39

What type of cells are Kuppfer and dust cells? And what system do they belong to?

Back 39

They are macro phages.

They belong to the reticuloendothelial system.

Front 40

Name 3 ways to move lymphatic fluid.

Back 40

1.Skeletal muscle compression of vessels
2. Breathing
3. Segments of vessels located between valves contract rhythmically

Front 41

Name 2 general body defenses against disease. What do they do?

Back 41

1. Non-specific - effective against any harmful agent
2. Specific - effective against a certain agent only

Front 42

What PH balance does skin have and why?

Back 42

It is acidic to keep out bacteria.

Front 43

Name 4 reflexes to protect the body.

Back 43

1. Sneezing
2. Coughing
3. Vomiting
4. Diarrhea

Front 44

Name 4 body secretions.

Back 44

1. Tears
2. Perspiration
3. Saliva
4. Digestive juices

Front 45

What is the PH level of perspiration?

Back 45

PH 3-5

Front 46

What is the PH level of digestive juices?

Back 46

PH 2

Front 47

What tissues constitute the first line of defense against pathogens?

Back 47

Skin and mucous membranes

Front 48

What is 'phagocytosis'?

Back 48

White blood cells take in and destroy waste and foreign material.

Front 49

What is another word for 'white blood cells'?

Back 49

Leukocytes

Front 50

What are and what do neutrophils do?

Back 50

Pus cells, a type of white blood cell.

They engulf invading micro-organisms, particularly bacteria. They sacrifice themselves.

Front 51

What are and what do macrophages do?

Back 51

A larger type of white blood cell.

They migrate to different areas and do not sacrifice themselves.

Front 52

What are natural killer cells?

Back 52

A type of lymphocyte
- Can recognize body cells with abnormal membranes
- Secrete protein that breaks down cell membranes

Front 53

Where are natural killer cells? 4 areas.

Back 53

In the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and blood.

Front 54

Which of the below are NOT one of the two main leukocytes involved in phagocytosis?
a. Neutrophils
b.Basophils
c. Macrophages

Back 54

b. Basophils

Front 55

What is an 'infection'?

Back 55

An inflammation caused by pathogens

Front 56

What do cells release when attacked by a virus?

Back 56

Interferon

Front 57

Describe the 6 steps in inflammation reaction.

Back 57

1. Heat, redness, swelling, pain
2. Cells release histamine
3. Leukocytes enter area
4. Leukocytes and plasma produce inflammatory exudate.
5. Pus is created
6. Lymph nodes enlarge

Front 58

What are the main functions of inflammation?

Back 58

1. Prevent the spread of pathogens
2. Dispose of debris and pathogens
3. Set the stage for repair

Front 59

What does 'fever' accomplish at the high level?

Back 59

Speeds up immune response chemical reaction on a systemic level

Front 60

What 4 things happen when you get a fever?

Back 60

Phagocytes release substances that increase body temperature
- stimulates phagocytes
- increases metabolism
- Decreases some organisms' ability to multiply

Front 61

Name 3 non-specific factors that help control infection?

Back 61

1. Inflammation
2. Fever
3. Interferon

Front 62

After approximately how many days of having a cold can a massage be helpful?

Back 62

5 - 6 days

Front 63

Where does interstitial fluid originate?

Back 63

At capillary exchange sites

Front 64

What is the Starling equilibrium?

Back 64

The amount of fluid squeezed out of circulatory capillaries should be almost equal to the amount being drawn into lymphatic capillaries, with about 10% left over to become interstitial fluid

Front 65

There is one activity that is unique to moving lymph. What is it?

Back 65

Alternating hot and cold.

Front 66

Give examples of 'portal of entry'.

Back 66

Mouth, GI, respiratory, urogenital.

Front 67

What is a 'pathogen'?

Back 67

Any disease-causing organism

Front 68

Give 4 examples of pathogens.

Back 68

Virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite.

Front 69

Pathogens are a subset of 'antigens'. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 69

True

Front 70

What is an 'antigen'?

Back 70

Any substance that causes production of antibodies.

Front 71

What is the 'complement system'?

Back 71

A collection of molecules in the blood to complement the immune system.

Front 72

Does the avian flue transfer to humans? YES or NO?

Back 72

Yes

Front 73

What is 'innate' immunity?

Back 73

Inherited individually or species-wide.

Front 74

Adaptive immunity is what? 3 specific defining criteria.

Back 74

1. After birth
2. Acquired naturally or artificially
3. Active or passive

Front 75

Name examples of pathogens humans have innate immunity to.

Back 75

Distemper, hog cholera, cowpox, bird TB.

Front 76

T Cells is for cellular or humoral immunity?

Back 76

Cellular

Front 77

B cells is for cellular or humoral immunity?

Back 77

Humoral

Front 78

What types of cells can the T cell clone into?

Back 78

Helper, killer, suppressor and memory

Front 79

What is another word for 'suppressor' cells? And what do they do?

Back 79

Regulatory. They shut of the immune system activities when an infection is gone.

Front 80

What do memory B and T cells do?

Back 80

They remember past infections

Front 81

What types of cells can the B cell clone into?

Back 81

Memory and plasma cells

Front 82

What is the role of the plasma cell?

Back 82

To make antibodies which disable the antigen

Front 83

T cells and B cells are what type of cells?

Back 83

Lymphocytes

Front 84

Name 4 types of antigens of a 'foreign protein' variety.

Back 84

1. Allergens,
2. Transplanted organs
3. Wrong blood
4. Pathogenic toxins

Front 85

Not all antigens are pathogens. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 85

True

Front 86

What type of medication are transplant patients given?

Back 86

Immune suppressing drugs.

Front 87

What are MHC proteins?

Back 87

Major Histocompatibility Complex proteins

Front 88

What is the purpose of MHC proteins?

Back 88

They are the markers on every cell to distinguish the self versus non-self.

Front 89

Where do T cells originate? And where do they go next?

Back 89

In the stems cells in the bone marrow. They change to T cells in the thymus.

Front 90

What do Helper T cells do? 2 things

Back 90

1. Activate B cells
2. Secrete interleukins

Front 91

Another word for 'antibody'?

Back 91

Immunoglobulin

Front 92

1. Where do antibodies mature?

2. Who manufactures them?

Back 92

1. In the fetal liver of lymphoid tissue
2. By B cells

Front 93

Describe the 2 step Humoral Immunity process. What is Step 1?

Back 93

Step 1: The B cells become activated by antigen binding to its surface. The cell gets triggered to clone itself rapidly into an army of cells.

Front 94

Describe the 2 step Humoral Immunity process. What is Step 2?

Back 94

Step 2: The B cells can become plasma cells. 2000/second for 4-5 days.
The rest become memory cells.

Front 95

What is 'naturally adaptive active immunity'?

Back 95

Immunity acquired through contact with a specific disease.

Front 96

What is 'naturally adaptive passive immunity'?

Back 96

Antibodies through mother's milk or placenta

Front 97

What is 'artificially adaptive immunity'?

Back 97

Vaccinations

Front 98

Give an example of a genetically engineered vaccine?

Back 98

Hepatitis B

Front 99

Give 6 types of artificially adaptive immunity vaccines.

Back 99

1. Live
2. Attenuated
3. Toxoid
4. Kiled by heat or chemicals
5. Antigen
6. Genetically engineered

Front 100

What is 'artificial passive adaptive immunity'.

Back 100

Immune- or anti-serum.

Front 101

Give 4 examples of Lymph System conditions,

Back 101

1. Edema
2. Lymphangitis
3. Lymphoma
4. Mononucleosis

Front 102

Give 3 examples of Immune System conditions.

Back 102

1. Allergic reactions
2. Chronic fatigue syndrome
3. Fever

Front 103

What types of hypersensitivity reactions are there? Describe I and II

Back 103

Type I: Immediate reaction (hay fever, food allergies)
Type II: Cell killing reaction (penicillin reaction, mismatched blood reaction)

Front 104

What types of hypersensitivity reactions are there? Describe III and IV

Back 104

Type III: Antibodies bind with antigens but are too small to be phagocytized, which get caught in filters. (lupus, other autoimmune )

Type IV: Delayed reaction cell mediated (T cells)
( contact dermititis, poison ivy)

Front 105

What is the definition of edema?

Back 105

Accumulation of fluids between cells.

Front 106

Mechanical or chemical reasons for edema?

Back 106

Both - weak heart or obstructions in lymphatic return

OR accumulated salt and protein in interstitial fluid

Front 107

Massage indicated or contraindicated for edema?

Back 107

Contraindicated

Front 108

Name five causes of edema that are contraindicated for massage.

Back 108

1. Heart
2. Liver
3. Kidney
4. Local infection
5. Blockage

Front 109

Two cases of indicated edema for massage?

Back 109

Post acute musculo-skeletal injury and some cases of immobility.

Watch out around the knees.

Front 110

What is the definition of lymphangitis?

Back 110

Infections and inflammation of lymphatic capillaries.

Front 111

What is another word for 'blood poisoning'?

Back 111

Septicemia

Front 112

Massage is indicated or contraindicated for lymphangitis?

Back 112

Contraindicated

Front 113

What is the definition of lymphoma?

Back 113

Cancer of lymph nodes and spleen.

Front 114

Circulatory massage is contraindicated for lymphoma. TRUE or FALSE?

Back 114

True

Front 115

What is the definition for allergic reactions?

Back 115

Immune system reaction against stimuli that are not inherently hazardous.

Front 116

What is the definition of angioedema as an allergic reaction?

Back 116

Rapid onset of local swelling

Front 117

What is the definition of anaphylaxis?

Back 117

Acute, systemic and severe - breathing, skin rash, edema or vomiting.

Front 118

Massage is contraindicated or indicated for allergic reactions?

Back 118

Contraindicated while acute

Front 119

What is the definition of fever? What specific body temperature?

Back 119

Abnormally high body temperature.
101 F. 104 can be dangerous

Front 120

Is massage indicated or contraindicated for fever?

Back 120

Contraindicated.