Lymphatic And Immune System And Blood A+ P Exam Jan 2016

Front 1

What are the roles of the lymphatic system?

Back 1

1. Drainage of tissue fluid

2. Transport of fats

3. Immune function

Hint 1

3

Front 2

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

Back 2

1. Lymph

2. Lymphatic vessels [lymphatic capillaries]

3. Lymphoid glands and organs [spleen, thymus, lymph nodes]

Front 3

Splenectomy

Back 3

Removal of the spleen

Front 4

Starling's law of capillaries

Back 4

90% of fluid that leaves capillary at artery end returns at vein end.

High osmotic pressure in artery causes water in tissue to try to move into capillary. Only possible a venous end due to drop in force.

Front 5

Where are lymphatic vessels not found?

Back 5

Brain

Cartilage

Cornea

Front 6

How does lymph move are the body?

Back 6

Through lymphatic vessels.

Valves [overlapping epithelium]

Smooth muscle in wall of vessels.

Skeletal muscle movement.

Front 7

Spleen

Back 7

1. Destroys old red blood cells

2. Store platelets

3. Mounts an immune response i.e filters blood.

Hint 7

3

Front 8

Thymus

Back 8

Found near heart

Main site of development and maturation of T-Cells (lymphocytes)

Front 9

What is the most common white blood cell?

Function?

Back 9

Neutrophil.

Phagocytosis - results in pus @ wounds.

Hint 9

Numerous

Front 10

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Back 10

1. Redness

2. Swelling

3. Heat

4. Pain

5. Loss of function

Hint 10

R

S

H

P

L

Front 11

Lymph nodes

Back 11

- Trap pathogenic material

- Contain B and T lymphocytes

[B-cells in follicles, T-cells in cortex]

Front 12

Splenomegaly

Back 12

Enlarged spleen

Result of infection - increased white blood cells.

Also polycythaemia (raised red blood cell count)

Front 13

What have macrophages developed from?

Back 13

Monocytes

Front 14

Spleen red pulp

Back 14

- Mechanical filtration of blood for pathogens and old RBC.

- Reserve of monocytes.

- Storage of platelets

Hint 14

3

Front 15

Spleen white pulp

Back 15

Active immune response including antibody mediated pathogen destruction.

Front 16

Granulocytes

Back 16

White blood cells with granules in cytoplasm.

Eosinophil

Basophil

Neutrophil

Hint 16

3 EBN

Front 17

Agranulocytes

Back 17

White blood cells with no granules in cytoplasm

Monocyte [big]

Lymphocyte [smaller]

Hint 17

2 ML

Front 18

Routes of entry for infection

Back 18

1. Skin

2. Mucus membrane

3. Respiratory tract

4. Alimentary tract

5. Genitourinary tract

Hint 18

5

Front 19

Immune responses

Back 19

1. Mechanical defences

2. Chemical defences

3. Cellular defences

4. Inflammatory response

Hint 19

4

Front 20

Mechanical defences

Back 20

1. Epidermis - cells contain high levels of protein keratin = resistant to bacterial proteases.

2. Mucus membranes.

3. Cilliary escalator [lines airway]

Hint 20

3

Front 21

Chemical defences

Back 21

1. Stomach acid HCl pH2.5-3.5

2. Lysozyme = enzyme found in tears + sweat --> attacks bacterial cell wall

3. Lactic acid - within female reproductive system. pH3.9 produced by vaginal bacteria.

Hint 21

3

Front 22

Neutrophils

Back 22

Phagocytosis

Usually the first cell to leave blood and enter infected tissues.

Most common white blood cell.

Front 23

Eosinophils

Back 23

Defend against parasitic infection [worms]

Participates in inflammation associated with asthma and allergies.

Front 24

Basophils

Back 24

Release chemicals that promote inflammation.

Release heparin [anticoagulant]

Release histamine - causes inflammation

Front 25

Monocytes

Back 25

Develop into macrophages

Leave blood and enter tissues to do this.

Capable of phagocytosis too.

Front 26

Lymphocytes

Back 26

Control adaptive immunity

B-cells, T-cells, Natural killer cells.

Recognition of antigens and production of antibodies.

Front 27

Whooping cough

Back 27

Bordetella pertussis [bacteria]

Strips away cilia lining airways = cilliary escalators fail = mucus on the lungs = whooping coughing sound

Front 28

Mast cells

Back 28

Responsible for inflammation.

Found in all major organs.

Produce histamine = causes inflammation.

Histamine causes vasodilation.

Front 29

Blood volumes

Back 29

Adult male = 5 litres

Adult female = 3.7 - 4.2 litres

Newborn baby = 240 ml

Front 30

Blood constituents

Back 30

Red blood cells = 45%

Plasma = 55%

Buffy coat = <1%

[contains WBC + platelets]

Hint 30

components and %

Front 31

Platelets

Back 31

Fragments of cells responsible for blood clotting

Front 32

Erythrocytes

Back 32

Red blood cells

Front 33

HAEMATOPOIESIS

Back 33

Formation of blood cells

Occurs in bone marrow

Front 34

Bohr Effect

Back 34

Increase in CO2 and temperature causes O2 release from oxyhaemoglobin

Front 35

Erythropoietin

Back 35

Hormone that triggers production of red blood cells in bone marrow.

Front 36

Where do B - cells mature?

Back 36

Red bone marrow

Front 37

Where do T-cells mature?

Back 37

Thymus

Front 38

Lymphocytes:

T-cell

Back 38

1. Helper = activates B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells

2. Regulatory = Inhibitis B-cells, and other T-cells.

3. Cytotoxic = responsible for destroying cells by lysis or cytokine production.

4. Memory cell = ready for quick response on reinfection (adaptive immunity)

Front 39

Lymphocytes:

Dendritic cell

Back 39

Processes antigen and is involved in the activation of B-cells and T-cells.

Front 40

Lymphocytes:

B-cell

Back 40

Differentiate after activation to two types:

1. Plasma cells = antibody production

2. Memory cell = ready for quick response on reinfection (adaptive immunity)