Lpc Exam

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Known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development--especially regarding college students

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Perry

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Stressed a concept known as dualistic thinking

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Perry

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His model stresses interpersonal development

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Kegan

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Adamant that the order of his stages remained the same for any culture, although the age of the individual could vary

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Piaget

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Piaget's first stage

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sensorimotor stage

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Piaget's last stage

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formal operations

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Piaget's second stage

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Preoperations stage

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Piaget's third stage

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Concrete operations

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Refers to the notion that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shapes

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Conservation

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According to Piaget, when does a child masters conservation and the concept of reversibility

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Concrete operations stage (ages 7 to 11)

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A system of Piaget's that is merely a system which permits the child to test out things in the physical world

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schema

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Piaget and Elkind report that _______ is the first and most easily understood concept and the mastery of _________ is next and finally the notion of _________ can be comprehended

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mass, weight, volume

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ethical codes are not ____ and therefore do change over time

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static

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the application of human growth and development theories to the practice of counseling became popular in the _____

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1980's

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In 1983 APGA changed its name to _______ _____ for ______ and ______ to help emphasize the developmental aspects of our profession

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American Association for Counseling and Development

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__________ is ongoing, systematic, orderly, sequential, and is said to build upon itself

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development

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implies that development occurs throughout the life span

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continual

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current theorists insist development is about nature and nurture but disagree on the ________ of impact _______

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amount, exerted

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changes that are measured

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quantitative

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changes that are in organization or structure

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qualitative

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outlined behaviorism-- John B. _______, Ivan _______, Joseph _____, and B. F. ______

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Watson, pavlov, wolpe, skinner

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John locke's view that knowledge is acquired by experience

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the mind is like a computer that is fed information; model relies on empiricism; mind is a blank slate and the child learns to behave in a certain manner

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john locke thought all behavior is the result of ________

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learning

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erik erikson's eight psychosocial stages are based on _____ psychology and the ______ prinicple that states that growth is orderly, universal, and systematic

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ego, epigenetic

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erik erikson's eight psychosocial stages

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trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
identity vs. role confusion
intimacy vs. isolation
generativity vs. stagnation
integrity vs. depair

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four stages of jean piaget's cognitive development

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sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

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For Piaget, patterns of thought and behavior are call ______

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schema

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For Piaget, ______ occurs ________ when the individual fits information into exiting ideas (assimilation) and modifies cognitive schemata to incorporate new information (accomodation)

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adaptation, qualitatively

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For Piaget, ______ and _____ are said to be complementary. The ages in the Piagetian stages can ____, the order is _____

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assimilation, accomodation, vary, static

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For piaget, ______ _______ occurs in the sensorimotor stage (an object the child can't see still exists

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object permanence

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For piaget, _____ is the act of focusing on one aspect of something.----key aspect of the _______ stage

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centration, preoperational

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For piaget, ____ takes place in the concrete operations stage-- child knows that volume and quantity do not change, just because the appearance of an object changes--child comprehends that a change in shape does not mean a change in volume

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conservation

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For piaget, ____ _____ _______ takes place in the formal operations stage

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abstract scientific thinking

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emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality

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Keagan's Constructive Developmental Model

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Lawrence Kohlber's Three Levels of Moral Development

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preconventional level
conventional level
postconventional level

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Kohlberg's level where behavior is governed by consequences

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preconventional level

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Kohlberg's level where there's a desire to conform to socially acceptable rules

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conventional level

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Kohlber's level that has self-accepted moral principles which guide behavior

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postconventional level

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how many stages does each of Kohlberg's levels have?

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2

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________ theory of moral development for women said that women have a sense of caring and compassion

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Gilligan

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This person depicted the change in men's lives throughout the lifespan

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Levinson

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Levinson's four major eras/transitions in his theory

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childhood and adolescence
early adulthood
middle adulthood
later adulthood

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proposed that cogntive development is not the result of innate factors but is produced by activities that take place in one's culture

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Vygotsky

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refers to the difference in the child's ability to solve problems on his own and his capacity to solve them with some help from others

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zone of proximal development

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name associated with zone of proximal development

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Vygotsky

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Freud's stages

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oral
anal
phallic/oedipal electra complex
latency
genital

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drive to live and the sexual instinct that is present even at birth

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libido

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return to an earlier stage caused by stress

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regression

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implies that the person is unable to move to the next stage

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fixation

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criticism of Freud

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focused on sex and didnt include the entire lifespan in his theory

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lower order physiological and safety needs must be fulfilled before self actualization can occur

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maslow's hierarchy of needs

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William Perry's concept when a students view the truth as wither right or wrong

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dualism

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Pery's notion that a perfect answer may not exist

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relativism

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Perry's final stage that the individual is willing to change his or opinion based on novel facts and new points of view

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commitment to relativism

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He drew on the work of piaget, kohlber, and erikson to form a prestage plus six stage theory of faith and spiritual development

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Fowler

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Stage 0 of Fowler's prestage plus six stage theory

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undifferentiated (primal) faith (birth- 4 years)

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stage 1 of fowlers prestage plus six stage theory

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intuitive-projective father (2-7 years)

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stage of fowler's prestage plus six stage theory of childhood and beyond

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mythic-literal faith

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fowler's prestage plus six stage theory stage at adolescence and beyond

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synthetic-conventional faith

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fowler's prestage plus six stage theory stage of young adulthood and beyond

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individuative-reflective faith

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fowler's prestage plus six stage theory stage of midthirties and beyond where open to other points of view, paradox, and appreciation of symbols and metaphors

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conjunctive faith

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fowler's prestage plus six stage theory of faith stage at midlife and beyond; where few reach this stage of enlightment

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universalizing faith

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according to him faith is not identical with one's belief in religion--faith can also be centered on a career, a country, an institution, a family, money, success, or even oneself; faith grows and changes throughout the lifespan

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fowler

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defined as habits, customs, art, religion, science, and the political behavior of a given group of people during a given period of time

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culture

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cultures are said to be ____

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dynamic

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the dominant or major culture in a country is the __________, often contrasted with the small, _______

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macroculture, microculture

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concept associated with learning the behaviors and expectations of a culture

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acculturation

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implies that we are all genetically and biologically similar

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universal culture

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can determine our language, political views, and our laws

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national culture

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gives us the behavior for a certain region

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regional culture

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where factors such as earthquakes, floods, and food supply may influence our behavior

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ecological culture

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occurs when one race views itself as superior to others

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racism

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means that a given group sees itself as the standard by which other ethnic groups are measured

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ethnocentrism

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In the _____ approach the counselor helps th client understand his or her culture

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emic

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In the ___ approach the counselor focuses on the similarities in poeple; treating people as being the same

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etic

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implies that the counselor helps the client change to cope with his or her environment

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autoplastic

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occurs when the counselor has the client try to change the environment

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alloplastic

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_______ and nosological systems such as the DSM can have a eurocenric or euro-american bias

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tests

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implies that the clients tone of voice, loudness, vocal inflections; and speed of delivery, silence, and hesitation must be taken into consideration; part of the study of nonverbal communication and is usually considered more accurate than verbal communication

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paralanguage

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implies that there will be a long verbal explanation and high context communication relies on nonverbals that are readily understood by others in the culture

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low context communication

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the act of thinking that all people of a group are alike; can be good or bad

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stereotyping

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occurs when we have an opinion based on insufficient evidence

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prejudice

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the notion that psychologically healthy people possess both masculine and feminine characteristics

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androgynous/androgyny

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addresses the issue of personal space, also known as spatial relations

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prexemics

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communication and ___ ____ are impacted by proxemics

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social relations

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determine whether a client is eligible for a social program or benefit such as temporary assistance for need families or food stamps

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means tests

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means tests are often contrasted with ___ ____ programs such as social security for which an extremely wealthy person could still be qualified

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social insurance

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popularized by early research conducted by leon festinger, simply postualtes that we evaluate our behaviors and accomplishments by comparing ourselves to others

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social comparison theory

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counselors strive to understand a clients ____(the way the client sees the world due to attitudes, value systems, and beliefs)

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worldview

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asserts that people from other cultures would do well to forget about their heritage and try to become like those in the dominant, macroculture

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anglo-conformity theory