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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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circularity |
it presumes the truth of what is to be proved. A series of arguments is circular if it uses a premise to prove a conclusion – and then uses that conclusion to prove the premise. |
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ambiguous |
changes the term or phrase within the argument |
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appeal to emotion |
stir up feelings instead of arguing in a logical manner |
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beside the point |
argues for a conclusion irrelevant to the issue at hand |
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straw man |
misrepresent / distort an opponent's view |
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appeal to crowd |
group opinion cited but proves nothing |
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opposition |
divides people into "our group" which has the truth and "our opponents" who are totally wrong. opponents believe A, A is false |
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genetic |
dismisses a belief on the basis of its origin. we know why you believe A, A is false |
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appeal to ignorance |
no one has proved A, A is false. no one has disproved A, A is true. |
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post hoc |
after this therefore because of this. A happened after B, therefore A was caused by B |
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part-whole |
This is F, every part of this is F. or Every part is F, this is F. |
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appeal to authority |
refer to an expert, not prove the claim |
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ad hominem |
attack the person instead of the argument |
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pro-con |
argument only lists pros/cons |
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black and white |
oversimplifying by assuming one or another of two extreme cases must be true. |
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false stereotype |
use hasty generalization to assume that the members of a certain group are more alike than they actually are |
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appeal to force |
use threats or intimidation to get a conclusion accepted |
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complex question |
a question that assumes the truth of something false or doubtful |
