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28 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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deductive argument |
if and only if the conclusion is claimed to follow premises with logical necessity |
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Argument |
a group of statements where one of the statements is claimed and supported by the others |
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inductive argument |
if and only if the conclusion is claimed to follow premises with logical probability |
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deductive - argument based on math |
an argument where math is used but NOT statistics |
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deductive - argument from definition |
an argument where the conclusion is made from a words definition |
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deductive - categorical syllogism |
all, no, or some |
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deductive - hypothetical syllogism |
P1: if p, then q P2: if q, then r C: if p, then r |
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deductive - modus ponens |
P1: if p, then q P2: p C: q |
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deductive - modus tollens |
P1: if p, then q P2: not q C: not p |
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Deductive - denying the antecedent |
P1: If p, then q P2: not p C: not q |
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Deductive - affirming the consequent |
P1: If p, then q P2: q C: p |
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deductive - disjunctive Syllogism |
P1: Either p or q P2: not P C: q
or
P1: Either p or q P2: not q C: p |
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deductive - Constructive Dilemma |
P1: If p, then q P2: If r, then s P3: Either p or r C: Either q or s |
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deductive - destructive dilemma |
P1: If p, then q P2: If r, then s P3: Either not q or not s C: Either not p or not r |
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Inductive - Prediction |
conclusions says something about the future |
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inductive - argument from analogy |
If Sarah's car has good gas mileage then Pat's car must have good mileage. |
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inductive - generalization |
Because 10 grapes out of a bag are juicy, then all the grapes in that bag must be juicy. |
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inductive - argument from authority |
the conclusion is made based on what an authoritative figure said |
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inductive - argument based on signs |
the conclusion is based on what is written on a sign |
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inductive - casual inference |
The child is sleeping, therefore he must have had a tiring day. |
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valid deductive argument |
argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true |
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invalid deductive argument |
argument in which it is possible for the occlusion to be false given that the premises are true |
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sound argument |
deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises |
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strong inductive argument |
argument in which it is impossible that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true |
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weak inductive argument |
argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises even though it is claimed to do so |
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cogent argument |
inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises |
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argument form |
an arrangement of words and letters such that the uniform substitution of terms or statements in place of letters results in an argument |
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substitution instance
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an argument or statement that has the same form as a given argument form or statement form |
