Logic Of Everyday Reasoning #1

Front 1

Argument

Back 1

Set of claims, one of which is meant to be supported by the others. Identify-->Analyze-->Evaluate.

Front 2

Conclusion

Back 2

Purpose of the argument-- supported by the claims. "Consequently; Therefore; Thus: In Conclusion" (Indicators)

Front 3

Premises

Back 3

Justifications or supporters of the conclusion. "Because (of); Since; it is a fact that...; On Accord" (Indicators

Front 4

Enthymeme

Back 4

Unstated premises for the conclusion, but it is implied. Ex: More superbowl rings means better QB.

Front 5

Simple Argument

Back 5

Argument that has only one conclusion

Front 6

Complex Argument

Back 6

Argument that has 2+ conclusions. 1. Intermediate Conclusion; 2. Ultimate/Final Conclusion. Context will tell Ultimate/Final conclusion

Front 7

Intermediate Conclusion

Back 7

The conclusion to the first argument. P1 + P2= Intermediate Conclusion.

Front 8

Ultimate/Final Conclusion

Back 8

The conclusion of the whole argument. Look at the context of the argument. Intermediate Conc/P3 + P4= Ultimate/Final Conclusion.

Front 9

Analyzing

Back 9

Looking at structure. Putting argument in order to later evaluate

Front 10

Evaluating

Back 10

Forming value/idea of argument to assess. Do not try to analyze and evaluate at the same time. Two questions: 1. Truth of Premises; 2. How well the premises support the conclusion.

Front 11

Identifying Indicators

Back 11

Premise Indicators: because, since, for, seeing as, etc. Conclusion Indicators: Therefore, hense, thus, etc.

Front 12

Steps to Analyze Arguments

Back 12

1. Identify Indicators; 2. Identify Conclusion and Premises; 3. Consider the Context; 4. Add, Reformulate, Discard

Front 13

Conditional

Back 13

Sentence that starts with "if" and then gives a condition. It then says "then" and gives anther term called a consequent [if; then]. **Only one claim**

Front 14

Disjunctive

Back 14

Presents alternatives; only one claim. [Either; Or] Ex: Either you walk the dog or you're grounded. **Only one claim**

Front 15

Consider the Context

Back 15

Every argument will have one main conclusion. Consider sub-arguments. Consider any replies to objections

Front 16

Add, Reformulate, Discard

Back 16

Need to add suppressed premises and reformulate claim. Rhetorical language is language we employ to imply something without explicitly saying it.

Front 17

Suppressed Premises

Back 17

is there a credible premise that would make the argument valid or stronger? A. If yes, insert the premise, then re-evaluate.

Front 18

Rhetorical Language

Back 18

Reformulate into statements more identifiable.

Front 19

Standard form of diagramming

Back 19

Arrange the claims so the premises come before the conclusion, draw a line, and state the conclusion. ** will be used for simple arguments on test**

Front 20

Bracketing and Numbering

Back 20

Bracket each claim, assign each a number, and diagram using those numbers **Will be used for complex arguments on test**

Front 21

Independent Premises

Back 21

Conclusion is NOT dependent on the truth of all premises

Front 22

Dependent Premises

Back 22

Conclusion IS dependent on the truth of ALL arguments

Front 23

Convergent Diagram

Back 23

Several premises supporting one conclusion. 1+2+3+4--->5

Front 24

Divergent Diagram

Back 24

One premise supporting many conclusions. Example: Taylor Swift is in a new relationship= 1. They will break up soon, 2. She will write a song, 3. She will release a new album.

Front 25

Deductive Argument

Back 25

Premises are meant to GUARANTEE the conclusion. If Premises are true, conclusions are true. Aims to be valid.

Front 26

Non-Deductive Argument

Back 26

The premises are meant to make the conclusion MORE LIKELY THAN NOT. 3 Types: Statistical Syllogism, Inductive Generalization, and Plausibility Argument. Aims to be successful.

Front 27

Validity**

Back 27

Premises true--Conclusion MUST be true. Assuming the premises are true, does it prove the conclusion? If there is ANY counterexample that disproves, it is INVALID. Does not depend on subject matter. Every possible case of the premises are true.

Front 28

Soundness

Back 28

The premises are either true or false-- based on fact.

Front 29

Statistical Syllogism

Back 29

Any 3 line argument with a statistic in it. There is always a general premise and a specific premise. Example: 78% of Americans are Christian. Wallace is American. Therefore Wallace is Christian.

Front 30

Inductive Generalization

Back 30

Taking info from a sample size and generalizing. Success depends on the sample size of the premises.

Front 31

Plausibility Argument

Back 31

"Case building Arguments". Does not fit pattern of the other two, but evidence to support conclusion. Are premises relevant? Is relevant information excluded? Am I convinced?

Front 32

Complex Argument Evaluation

Back 32

1. Deductive (Int) valid + Deductive (Ultimate) valid= Whole argument valid; 2. Nondeduct. (Int) successful + Nondeduct. (Ult) successful = Whole argument Successful; 3. Deduct (Int) valid + Nondeduct (Ult) successful = Successful but NOT valid. 4. Deduct (Int) valid + Deduct (Ult) Invalid = Invalid; 5. Nonded (Int) success + Nondeduct (Ult) Unsuccess = Can still be successful.

Front 33

Sufficient Conditions

Back 33

Enough to cause consequent to occur.

Front 34

Necessary Conditions

Back 34

Required for the consequent to occur. The condition can be reversed.

Front 35

Example of Sufficient Condition

Back 35

If you live in NJ, then you live in the USA.

Front 36

Example of Sufficient and Necessary Condition

Back 36

If you are a bachelor, then you are an unmarried male.

Front 37

Coextensive Terms

Back 37

A condition that is both sufficient and necessary. Can flip the conditions and is still true.