Logic Final Exam

Front 1

conditional statement (antecedent)

Back 1

the statement immediately following the "if"

Front 2

conditional statement (consequent)

Back 2

the statement immediately following the "then"

Front 3

deductive argument

Back 3

an argument is deductive if and only if the conclusion is claimed to follow the premises with logical necessity

Front 4

inductive argument

Back 4

an argument is inductive if and only if the conclusion is claimed to follow the premises with logical probability

Front 5

argument based on mathmatics

Back 5

an argument where the conclusion can be solved using math but NOT statistics

Front 6

argument from definition

Back 6

an argument where the conclusion can be formed from a word's definition

Front 7

categorical syllogism

Back 7

an argument that contains all, no, or some

Front 8

hypothetical syllogism

Back 8

P1: if p, then q

P2: if q, then r

C: if p, then r

Front 9

modus ponens

Back 9

P1: if p, then q

P2: p

C: q

Front 10

modus tollens

Back 10

P1: if p, then q

P2: not q

C: not p

Front 11

Denying the Antecedant

Back 11

P1: If p, then q

P2: not p

C: not q

Front 12

Affirming the Consequent

Back 12

P1: If p, then q

P2: q

C: p

Front 13

Disjunctive Syllogism (version 1)

Back 13

P1: Either p or q

P2: not p

C: q

Front 14

Disjunctive Syllogism (version 2)

Back 14

P1: Either p or q

P2: not q

C: p

Front 15

Constructive Dilemma

Back 15

P1: If p, then q

P2: If r, then s

P3: Either p or r

C: Either q or s

Front 16

Destructive Dilemma

Back 16

P1: If p, then q

P2: If r, then s

P3: Either not q or not s

C: Either not p or not r

Front 17

Prediction

Back 17

an argument where the conclusion says something about the future

Front 18

Argument from Analogy

Back 18

If Sarah's car has good gas mileage, then Betty's car must have god gas mileage.

Front 19

Generalization

Back 19

Because 10 grapes out of a bag are juicy, then all the grapes in the bag must be juicy.

Front 20

Argument from Authority

Back 20

the conclusion is made based on what an authoritative figure said

Front 21

Argument based on Signs

Back 21

the conclusion is made based on what is written on a sign

Front 22

Causal Inference

Back 22

The child is sleeping, therefore he must have has a tiring day.

Front 23

valid deductive argument

Back 23

a deductive argument is valid if and only if the conclusion follows premises with logical necessity

Front 24

invalid deductive argument

Back 24

a deductive argument is invalid if and only if the conclusion follows premises with logical probability

Front 25

sound argument

Back 25

a valid deductive argument that has all true premises

Front 26

strong inductive argument

Back 26

an inductive argument is strong if and only if the conclusion follows the premises with logical probability

Front 27

weak inductive argument

Back 27

and inductive argument is weak if and only if the conclusion does not follow the premises with logical probability

Front 28

cogent argument

Back 28

a strong inductive argument that has all true premises

Front 29

argument form

Back 29

an arrangement of words and letters such that the uniform substitution of terms or statements in place of letters results in an argument

Front 30

substitution instance

Back 30

an argument or statement that has the same form as a given argument form or statement form

Front 31

simple statement

Back 31

a statement is simple if and only if it does NOT contain any other statements as a component

Front 32

compound statement

Back 32

a statement is compound if and only if it contains at least one simple statement as a component

Front 33

well formed formula

Back 33

a well formed formula is a syntactically correct arrangement of symbols, such as upper case letters, operators, logical punctuation, and logical variables

Front 34

main operator

Back 34

the main operator is the operator that determines the overall structure of the WFF

Front 35

subformula

Back 35

a subformula is any part of a WFF

Front 36

Tautology (statement form)

Back 36

a statement form is a tautology if and only if it is true for every substitution instance

Front 37

tautology (statement)

Back 37

a statement is a tautology if and only if it is a substitution instance of a tautologous form

Front 38

self-contradiction (statement form)

Back 38

a statement form is a self-contradiction if and only if it is false for every substitution instance

Front 39

self-contradiction (statement)

Back 39

a statement is a self-contradiction if and only if it is a substitution instance of a self-contradictory form

Front 40

contingency (statement form)

Back 40

a statement form is a contingency if and only if it is true for at least one substitution instance and false for at least one substitution instance.

Front 41

contingency (statement)

Back 41

a statement is a contingency if and only if it is a substitution instance of a contingent form

Front 42

logical equivalence (statement form)

Back 42

two statement forms are logically equivalent if and only if the two final columns of their joint truth table are identical

Front 43

logical equivalence (statements)

Back 43

two statements are logically equivalent if and only if they are substitution instances of logically equivalent forms

Front 44

inconsistency (statement forms)

Back 44

two statement forms are inconsistent if and only if there is NO line in the final columns of their joint truth table on which both forms have the T truth value

Front 45

inconsistency (statements)

Back 45

two statements are inconsistent if and only if the are substitution instances of inconsistent forms

Front 46

consistency (statement forms)

Back 46

two statement forms are consistent if and only if there is at least one line in the final columns of their joint truth table on which both forms have the T truth value

Front 47

consistency (statements)

Back 47

two statements are consistent if and only if they are substitution instances of consistent forms

Front 48

logical implication (statement forms)

Back 48

one statement form logically implies another form if and only if there is no line in the final columns of their joint truth table on which the first form has the T truth value, while the second has the F truth value

Front 49

logical implication (statements)

Back 49

one statement logical implies another statement if and only if they are substitution instances of implicative forms