Logic Chapter 1

Front 1

argument form

Back 1

a pattern of reasoning

Front 2

substitution instance

Back 2

an argument that results from uniformly replacing the variables in that form with statements/terms.

Front 3

valid argument form

Back 3

a form in which every substitution is a valid argument.

Front 4

formally valid argument

Back 4

a form that is valid in virtue of its form.

Front 5

Modus Ponens

Back 5

If A, then B. A, So B.

Front 6

Modus tollens

Back 6

if A, then B. Not B. So, Not A.

Front 7

Hypothetical Syllogism

Back 7

If A, then B. If B, then C. So if A, then C.

Front 8

Disjunctive Syllogism

Back 8

Either A or B. Not A. So, B.
Either A or B. Not B. So, A.

Front 9

Constructive Dilemma

Back 9

Either A or B. If A, the C. If B, then D, So, either C or D.

Front 10

Logic

Back 10

The study of methods for evaluating whether the premises of an argument adequately support its conclusion.

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Argument

Back 11

a set of statements where some of the statements, called the premises, are intended to support another, called the conclusion.

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Statement

Back 12

A declarative sentence that is either true or false.

Front 13

deductive argument

Back 13

an argument in which the premises are intended to guarantee the conclusion.

Front 14

inductive argument

Back 14

an argument in which the premises are intended to make the conclusion probable, without guaranteeing it.

Front 15

valid argument

Back 15

an argument in which it is necessary that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.

Front 16

invalid argument

Back 16

an argument in which it is not necessary that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.

Front 17

sound argument

Back 17

valid argument in which all of the premises are true

Front 18

unsound argument

Back 18

an argument that either is invalid or has at least one false premise

Front 19

The Famous Forms Method

Back 19

1. Identify the component statement in the argument, uniformly labeling each with a capital letter.
2.Rewrite the argument using capital letters instead of English statements and eliminate any stylistic variants.
3. Check to see whether the pattern of reasoning is taken from our list of famous forms. If it is then the argument is valid.

Front 20

negation

Back 20

This of a statement is its denial.

Front 21

conditional statement or "conditional"

Back 21

an if-then statement

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antecedent

Back 22

the if-clause of a conditional

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consequent

Back 23

the then-clause of a conditional

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disjunction

Back 24

an either-or statement

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disjunct

Back 25

the statements comprising a disjunction.

Front 26

The fallacy of denying the antecedent

Back 26

an invalid argument form: if A, then B; not A; so, not B.

Front 27

invalid argument form

Back 27

one that has some invalid substitution instances.

Front 28

counterexample

Back 28

this to an argument form is a substitution instance in which the premises are true and the conclusion is false

Front 29

good counterexample

Back 29

this to an argument form is a substitution instance in which the premises are well-known truths and the conclusion is a well-known falsehood.

Front 30

The fallacy of affirming the consequent

Back 30

an invalid argument form: If A, then B; B; so, A.

Front 31

categorical statement

Back 31

a statement that relates two classes or categories, where a class is a set or collection of things.

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A term

Back 32

a word or phrase that stands for a class of things

Front 33

strong argument

Back 33

an argument in which it is probable (but not necessary) that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.

Front 34

weak argument

Back 34

an argument in which it is not probable that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.

Front 35

cognent argument

Back 35

a strong argument in which all of the premises are true.

Front 36

uncognent argument

Back 36

is one that is either weak or strong with at least one false premise

Front 37

deductive logic

Back 37

the part of logic that is concerned with the study of methods of evaluating arguments for validity and invalidity

Front 38

inductive logic

Back 38

is the part of logic concerned with the study of methods of evaluating arguments for strength and weakness.