Logic 1St Test

Front 1

Begging the question

Back 1

Leave out a (shaky) premise OR include the shaky premise.

AND RESTARE THAT PREMISE AS ITS OWN CONCLUSION.

Presumption

Hint 1

Reasoning in a circle

Front 2

False dichotomy

Back 2

Provides 2 options when there's more than 2 options.

Presumption

Hint 2

"I have to go to this concert else I'll die"!

Front 3

Equivocation

Back 3

Single word changes argument

Word has a diff meaning. Obtuse = ignorant. Takes form of syntaxes.

Ambiguity

Hint 3

"Some triangles are obtuse, all obtuse things are ignorant; therefore some triangles are ignorant.

Front 4

Amphiboly

Back 4

Syntaxes, grammar, punctuation

Could mean 2 things.

Hint 4

A lame joke. "Let's eat grandma"!

Front 5

Suppressed Evidence

Back 5

Premises lead to conclusion & makes sense, but then realiz there's information missing that could lead to a different conclusion.

Presumption

Hint 5

The news.

Front 6

Composition

Back 6

Part to whole

Component

Illicit transference

Hint 6

"Atoms are invisible. My body is made of atoms therefore I am invisible".

Front 7

Division

Back 7

Whole to part.

Dividing things into parts.

Illicit transference

Hint 7

"This salt has different minerals in it that makes up the salt".

Front 8

Hasty Generalization

Back 8

Jumping to conclusion based on incomplete evidence (few examples, unusual cases, etc) (stereotypes) "All Latinos are drug dealers".

Weak Induction

Hint 8

"All Latinos are drug dealers"

Front 9

Slippery slope

Back 9

Assuming that if X occurs, then Y will INEVITABLY occur.

Weak Induction

Hint 9

"If we give the office ladies a coffee room then they're going to ask for more".

Front 10

Unqualified Authority Barcandeum

Back 10

Claiming that because of a sources authorities position, whatever comes from it must be true.

Weak Induction

Hint 10

"The nurse said covid will spread like wildfire". (The nurse is not a viral scientist)

Front 11

Weak Analogy

Back 11

A weak analogy is the assumption that if two things are alike in one regard, they must be alike in other ways.

Weak Induction

Hint 11

"Apples & oranges are both fruit, so they taste the same".

Front 12

False Cause

Back 12

FAULTY CAUSE & EFFECT.

falsely assumes that one event causes another.

Weak Induction

Hint 12

"Our garage sale made a lot of money before Joan showed up"

"Everytime I wash my car, it rains".

Front 13

Ignorance

Back 13

It asserts that a proposition is true because it has not yet been proven false or a proposition is false because it has not yet been proven true.

Weak Induction

Hint 13

"You can't prove that your innocent; Therefore you are guilty to me".

Front 14

Complex Question

Back 14

Usually used to pry for information.

Hint 14

"I know you have drugs, so you must have drugs".

"Does your mom know your gay"?

Front 15

Appeal to people

Back 15

This fallacy uses people wanting to be loved, recognized, apart of something, valued, esteemed, etc to get the reader/listener to accept the conclusion.

Relevance

Front 16

Attacking the person

Back 16

Argument against the person.

Abusive: Not an argument. Just attacking. Irrelevant to argument.

Tu QuoQue: doesn't knock down other person's argument.

Circumstantial: "They own a carrot farm, so they're saying to support their carrots to benefit off the profits".

Relevance

Front 17

Red Herring

Back 17

To get people off track, to change the argument.

Sometimes they change the subject to a subtly related one.

Relevance

Front 18

Missing the point (ignoratio elenchi)

Back 18

When the premise of an argument supports one particular conclusion, but then a different conclusion, often vaguely related.

Catch all. General.

Example: Given A, B and C. I Conclude W.

When the correct answer is: Given A. B AND C. I conclude D.

Relevance.

Front 19

Formal Fallacies

Back 19

Always Deductive

Front 20

Logic

Back 20

An organized body of knowledge or science that evaluate argument.

Supports 1 conclusion.

premise(s) supports conclusion.

Hint 20

ASA

Front 21

Inferential claim

Back 21

Connection between premises & conclusion

Tends to be inductive.

Front 22

Deductive

Back 22

Necessity

Math, definitions and syllogism which means 2 premises arguments;

Categorical syllogism: deal with all, some or none.

Distinctive syllogism; deal with either/or.

Hypothetical syllogism: if/then

Hint 22

Studies.

Front 23

Inductive

Back 23

Analogy, authority, statistics, signs; generalization, predictions & cause inferences.

1. Weak or strong argument

2. If the premise is true or false

3. Cogent or uncogent

4. If it's a true or false conclusion

Front 24

Strawman

Back 24

This fallacy is when an arguer distorts an opponent's argument for the purpose of more easily attacking it,

Then demolishes the distorted argument, and then concludes that the opponent's real argument has been demolished.

This stays on topic as opposed to red herring.

Hint 24

Quoting an opponent's words out of context.

Choosing quotations that misrepresents the opponent's intentions.

Front 25

Cogency

Back 25

Strong and the premises are actually true.

Inductive argument.

Front 26

Sound

Back 26

Valid and premises are actually true.

It is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises is true.

Front 27

Argument

Back 27

In it's simplest form, is a group of statements one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to provide support for, or reason to believe, one of the other (the conclusion).

Front 28

Strong

Back 28

Is it improbable that the conclusion is false given that the premises is true.