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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Muscle that changes pitch
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cricothyroid muscle (external laryngeal branch of vagus via superior laryngeal nerve)
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What muscles and nerve(s) are responsible for phonation?
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Posterior cricoaryenoid, cricothyroid, and others. All but cricothyroid are innervated by inferior laryngeal nerve, which is the terminal part of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, from CNX.
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For some unknown reason, in Lambert Eaton the CMAP will ___________ over time
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increase
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Fibrillations and fasciculations LMN or UMN?
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Fibrillations -- UMN
Fasciculations -- LMN |
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Absence of a Doll’s Eye phenomenon indicates a pathologic lesion in the:
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Absence of a Doll’s Eye phenomenon indicates a pathologic lesion in the mid-brain
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In the muscle contraction, what unit senses voltage and what unit releases calcium?
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dihydrophyridine receptor senses voltage change and causes ryanodine receptor to release calcium from SR
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What structures produce norepinephrine and serotonin (5-HT), specifically in regards to sleep? What inhibits these these two structures during sleep?
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NE = locus coeruleus
5-HT = raphe nuclei Both activated by VLPO via GABA |
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What brain structures are active and inactive during REM sleep?
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Active = LDT and PPT (lesions causes less REM sleep)
Inactive = LC and raphe |
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Central sleep apnea caused by failure of...
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pontomedullary respiratory rhythm generator
(*related = reduced CO2 in blood causes CSA) |
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How are serotonin neurons and receptors different in SIDS patients?
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More neurons but fewer receptors
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Alertness permits...
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Alertness permits awareness
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What network connects brainstem with cerebral cortex to allow for consciousness?
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RAS = reticular activating system
Inserts into BOTH left AND right thalamus |
