Lm

Front 1

What is an adaptive change brought about by experience and involving a CNS neuronal mechanism?

Back 1

Learning

Front 2

Where must learning occur?

Back 2

CNS

Front 3

What is the storage and recall of a past experience?

Back 3

Memory

Front 4

Are the areas involved in learning and memory the same or different?

Back 4

They are somewhat different

Front 5

What type of memory is accessible to conscious recall?

Back 5

Declarative memory

Front 6

What type of memory is due tyo skill or habit?

Back 6

Procedural memory

Front 7

Is procedural and declarative memory located in the same are of the brain?

Back 7

No they are in two very different locations.

Front 8

What are two examples of declarative memory?

Back 8

1. Episodic memory - remembering events
2. Semantic memory - remembering facts

Front 9

What area of the brain is very involved in declarative memory?

Back 9

Hippocampus

Front 10

What area of the brain is very involved in procedural memory?

Back 10

Striatum, amygdala and cerebellum

Front 11

Classical conditioning is an example of what type of learning?

Back 11

Procedural

Front 12

What is really going on in the example of Pavlov's dogs and procedural memory?

Back 12

The areas involved including the areas of the auditory nucleus bring in the sound and olfactory areas bringing in the smellare joined in the cerebellum and onto some areas of the cortex, but mostly the brainstem and finally on the cranial nerve nuclei.

Front 13

In declarative memory, are all areas of memory as strong as the others?

Back 13

No there is play between which areas are strong and those that aren't.

Front 14

The story of HM taught scientists what?

Back 14

The hippocampus plays a big role in short term and long term memory.

Front 15

After HM had his temporal lobe removed, what was the result?

Back 15

He had problems encoding short term memory into long term memory.

Front 16

What areas (5) are involved in encoding short term memory into long term memory?

Back 16

1. CA fields
2. Dentate nucleus
3. Subicular cortex
4. Entorhinal cortex
5. Perihippocampal cortex

Front 17

The story of NA (the model airplane guy) taught scientists what about the process of learning?

Back 17

Unilateral damage to the temporal cortex can disturb learning and memory, but not as global as bilateral damage.

Front 18

The story of RB (bleed out) taught scientists what?

Back 18

That the area CA1 in the hippocampus has large pyramidal cells that are very sensitive to ischemia. When these cells are lost, anterograde amnesia is a problem.

Front 19

Describe the tri-synaptic circuit in the hippocampus.

Back 19

1. Dentate nucleus receives information from the entorhinal corticies and sends them to CA3 using mossy fibers
2. The large pyramidal cells in CA3 send the signal to the pyramidal cells of CA1

Front 20

What is the large lesson that was taught by patients who had hippocampus damage?

Back 20

1. They all experienced anterograde memory deficits yet lost no procedural memory. Their recall prior to their trauma was intact.
2. Emotional memory is also encoded in the hippocampus.
3. Memory can be lateralized.

Front 21

What was learned about the location of long term memory from the patients who had damage to their hippocampus?

Back 21

Long term memory is not stored in the hippocampus. The patients all had normal recall.

Front 22

What is the basic processing pathway of the hippocampus?

Back 22

Information is funneled into the hippocampus and then processed. That processed information is then sent back out to the corticies. It is like a loop.

Front 23

When does the processing out of the hippocampus seem to happen and why does it happen at this time?

Back 23

It seems to occur at night due to the high levels of cortisol and norepinephrine.

Front 24

Does hippocampal damage seem to affect motor function?

Back 24

No it doesn't.

Front 25

What is the function of the perirhinal cortex?

Back 25

It primarily is a multimodal cortex that brings in a lot of information and funnels it to the hippocampus for processing.

Front 26

What type of function does the cingulate cortex have?

Back 26

It mainly deals with spatial relationships. It has cells that react to certain positions that an animal is in, in space. They are called place cells.

Front 27

What type of memory is the amygdala mainly associated with?

Back 27

Emotional memory

Front 28

Describe how the amygdala works.

Back 28

The amygdala receives lots of sensory and stress information and processes that information. The information is then sent out to the corticies for storage.

Front 29

Is the amygdala lateralized?

Back 29

Yes it is.

Front 30

What is aversive learning associated with?

Back 30

Deeper areas of the amygdala.

Front 31

How is aversive learning different than associative learning?

Back 31

Aversive learning only takes one trial to make the association while pure association learning takes many trials.

Front 32

What is the strongest unconditioned stimulus?

Back 32

Taste

Front 33

What is the problem associated with aging and learning?

Back 33

The real problem lies within the recall of memory. The actual encoding of the memories is not impaired.

Front 34

Is their neuron loss with aging?

Back 34

No, there is mainly shrinkage of the neurons.

Front 35

What is the decline in brain weight due to in aging?

Back 35

The loss of neuropil and synapses.

Front 36

Is their a good correlation between damage in AD and memory loss?

Back 36

No there is not.

Front 37

What are some of the pathologies seen in AD?

Back 37

1. Neuron loss
2. Loss of Ach from the basal forebrain to the hippocampus

Front 38

If you have a lot of damage to your hippocampus, what can you do to stay as functional as possible?

Back 38

Stay active in learning and it will help preserve your synapses.

Front 39

Patient S (the reporter) helped scientists realize what about memory?

Back 39

The hippocampus and the amygdala are important in determining what memories are important which memories aren't.

Front 40

What are the three stages of learning?

Back 40

1. Learning
2. Memory
3. Forgetting

Front 41

What are the four temporal classifications of memory?

Back 41

1. Immediate term (seconds to minutes)
2. Short term (minutes to hours)
3. Intermediate (hours to days)
4. Long term (days - years - lifetimes)

Front 42

Is the hippocampus required for recall of the memories it processed?

Back 42

Nope

Front 43

What did Nadel find the hippocampus can do in reagrds to multimodal information that it stored?

Back 43

It can link the different areas of the brain that they are stored in so that the recall is easier.

Front 44

What hormone is important from movement from intermediate memory to long term memory? When do you see the levels of this hormone rise?

Back 44

1. Cortisol
2. During sleep

Front 45

What food hormone also seems to increase the number of synapses in the hippocampus?

Back 45

Glurelin

Front 46

What receptors can be important in both learning and forgetting?

Back 46

NMDA receptors