Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder, Colon

Front 1

large intestine

Back 1

also called the colon. 5 feet long and 2.5 inches wide. goes from the ileum to the anus and it attached to the posterior wall of the abdomen by the mesocolon.

Front 2

functions of the large intestine

Back 2

1) completes absorption
2) manufactures certain vitamins
3) forms feces
4) eliminates feces from the body

Front 3

ileocecal valve

Back 3

is a fold of mucous membrane which allows material to pass from the ileum into the colon.

Front 4

cecum

Back 4

blind pouch hanging below the level of the ileocecal valve which is 2-3 inches long.

Front 5

the cecum merges with the ____ ?

Back 5

colon

Front 6

vermiform appendix

Back 6

hangs down from the cecum. this tube like structure is a vestigial organ. was said to have a function when cavemen ate raw foods and inorganic material but in modern man, it has no function.

Front 7

ascending colon

Back 7

located on the right side of the body.

Front 8

hepatic flexure

Back 8

(right colic flexure) under the liver, the colon makes a sharp turn to the left

Front 9

transverse colon

Back 9

when the colon continues across the abdomen between the ascending colon and the descending colon

Front 10

spelic flexure

Back 10

(left colic flexure) beneath the spleen, the colon makes another sharp turn downward

Front 11

descending colon

Back 11

traveling downward to the level of the Iliac crest.

Front 12

sigmoid colon

Back 12

begins at the left of the iliac crest, projects inward to the midline and then terminates at the level of the third sacral vertebra

Front 13

rectum

Back 13

7-8 inches long and lies anterior to the sacrum and coccyx

Front 14

anal canal

Back 14

the terminal end of the rectum

Front 15

anus

Back 15

the opening of the anal canal to the outside of the body. surrounded by two sphincters

Front 16

internal sphincter

Back 16

made of smooth muscle

Front 17

external sphincter

Back 17

made of skeletal muscle

Front 18

mucosa

Back 18

does not have villi, but does have goblet cells which secrete mucus to protect and lubricate. lymph nodes are found in the mucosa.

Front 19

muscle layer of the colon

Back 19

has an internal layer of circular muscle and an external layer of longitudinal muscle.

Front 20

taeniae coli

Back 20

three flat bands that the muscle layer has been broken into. each band runs the length of the large intestine.

Front 21

haustra

Back 21

the bands of muscle gather the colon into pouches called haustra

Front 22

superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

Back 22

supply the cecum and colon

Front 23

superior or inferior mesenteric veins

Back 23

drain the colon and send the blood to the hepatic portal vein

Front 24

defecation

Back 24

emptying the rectum of fecal material

Front 25

appendicitis

Back 25

inflammation of the vermiform appendix

Front 26

hemorrhoids

Back 26

piles inflammation and enlargement of the anal veins

Front 27

feces

Back 27

chyme after is has remained in the colon for 3-10 hours and is solid or hemisolid as a result of absorption. chemically, feces is made of water, inorganic salts, epithelial cells from the mucosa of the GI tract, bacteria, products of bacterial decomposition, and food not attached by bacteria

Front 28

chyme

Back 28

is prepared for elimination in the small intestine by the action of bacteria. these bacteria ferment any remaining carbohydrates, or convert remaining proteins into amino acids

Front 29

the ______ is one of the largest organs of the body

Back 29

liver

Front 30

the liver weighs approximately _______?

Back 30

42-56 oz

Front 31

where is the liver located?

Back 31

the right hypochondrium

the upper epigastric

over into the left hypochondrium

Front 32

the liver is covered by ________?

Back 32

peritoneum and a dense connective tissue called glisson's capsule

Front 33

there are ______ main lobes of the liver:

Back 33

the right and left lobes, separated by the falciform ligament

Front 34

the spaces between the four lobes in the liver are called _____?

Back 34

kiernan's spaces

Front 35

the lobes of the liver are made up of _____?

Back 35

lobules

Front 36

a lobule is made up of _____?

Back 36

hepatic cells in a radial pattern around a central vein

Front 37

hepatic cells are in the shape of___?

Back 37

the shape of cords

Front 38

sinusoids

Back 38

spaces between hepatic cell cords through which blood passes

Front 39

kupffer cells

Back 39

phagocytize (destroy) worn out white and red blood cells and bacteria

Front 40

function of the gallbladder:

Back 40

stores bile and concentrates it

Front 41

_____ % of GB stones are cholesterol stones

Back 41

80% and cannot be seen on plain radiographs

Front 42

___% of GB stones are calcium and bilirubin

Back 42

20% and can be visualized on plain radiographs

Front 43

FOTL 1

Back 43

secretion of bile- 800 to 1000 cc every 24 hours. the secretion is continuous, however, when not stimulated, the sphincter of oddi is closed and the bile backs up into the GB for storage and concentration.

Front 44

bile breaks down _____?

Back 44

fats

Front 45

FOTL 2

Back 45

removes glucose from blood and forms it into glycogen, which it stores

Front 46

FOTL 3

Back 46

amino acids, the end product of protein digestion, can be made in the liver

Front 47

FOTL 4

Back 47

amino acids can be broken down in the liver and eliminated in the form of urea

Front 48

FOTL 5

Back 48

hippuric acid and uric acid are made in the liver

Front 49

FOTL 6

Back 49

amino acids can be put together to form proteins

Front 50

FOTL 7

Back 50

detoxification

Front 51

FOTL 8

Back 51

excretes the bile pigments biliverden and bilirubin (formed by dead red blood cells)

Front 52

FOTL 9

Back 52

synthesized fibrinogen and prothrombin (blood clotting agents)

Front 53

FOTL 10

Back 53

source of heparin (an anticoagulant)

Front 54

FOTL 11

Back 54

source of red blood cells in the fetus

Front 55

FOTL 12

Back 55

plasma proteins are produced in the liver

Front 56

FOTL 13

Back 56

removes bacteria from the blood

Front 57

FOTL 14

Back 57

stores iron, copper, B12, vitamins A, D, E, and K

Front 58

FOTL 15

Back 58

regulates blood volume

Front 59

FOTL 16

Back 59

major source of body heat

Front 60

FOTL 17

Back 60

imortant in lipid metabolism

Front 61

FOTL 18

Back 61

cholesterol is manufactured in the liver and is a major constituent of bile

Front 62

the hilum of the liver is located _______?

Back 62

on the under concave surface and is the site of vessel exit and entrance to the liver

Front 63

the liver has ____ major blood supplies?

Back 63

2. hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

Front 64

hepatic artery

Back 64

a branch off the celiac artery that supplies the liver with oxygenated blood. eventually brings blood to the lobules, where it then goes into the sinusoids.

Front 65

hepatic portal vein

Back 65

drains the stomach, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine. it brings deoxygenated blood and newly absorbed nutrients. eventually brings blood to the lobules, where it then goes into the sinusoids.

Front 66

blood leaves the liver via the __________?

Back 66

the central vein and then into the hepatic vein which flows into the inferior vena cava

Front 67

metabolism

Back 67

physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism. the two fundamental processes are anabolism and catabolism

Front 68

anabolism

Back 68

assimilation or building up processes

Front 69

catabolism

Back 69

disintegration or tearing down processes

Front 70

the arterial blood supply

Back 70

from the splenic artery, superior mesenteric artery, and the celiac artery

Front 71

the venous blood reaches the _______?

Back 71

the hepatic portal vein via the splenic and superior mesenteric veins

Front 72

endocrine

Back 72

secreting into the blood system

Front 73

exocrine

Back 73

secreting into ducts

Front 74

alpha cells secrete....

Back 74

glucagon

Front 75

beta cells secrete...

Back 75

insulin

Front 76

acini secrete...

Back 76

pancreatic juice (enzymes to digest food in the small intestine)

Front 77

does bile contain enzymes?

Back 77

no