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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Date |
Lists the date, day, and time. |
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Cal |
Displays a calendar of the current month. |
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Df |
Displays the current amount of free space on your disk drives. |
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Free |
Displays the amount of free memory. |
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Exit |
Ends the terminal session. |
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Ctrl-Alt-F1 through Ctrl-Alt-F6 |
Opens virtual terminals/consoles. |
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Alt F1-F6 |
Switches between virtual consoles. |
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Pwd |
Print name of current working directory. |
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Cd |
Change directory. |
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Ls |
List directory contents |
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File |
Determine file type |
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Less |
View file contents |
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/ |
The root directory. |
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/bin |
Contains binaries that must be present for the system to boot and run. |
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/boot |
Contains the Linux kernel, initial RAM disk image (for drivers needed at boot time), and the boot loader. |
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/dev |
Contains device nodes, where the kernel maintains a list of all the devices it understands. |
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Cd - |
Changes the working directory to the previous working directory. |
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cd ~user_name |
Changes the working directory to the home directory of the user_name. |
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Ls -a |
List all files, even those with names that begin with a period, which are normally not listed (i.e., hidden). |
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Ls -A |
Like the -a option above except it does not list . (current directory) and .. (parent directory). |
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Ls -d |
Use this in conjunction with -l to see details about the directory rather than its contents. |
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Ls -F |
Will append an indicator character to the end of each listed name. For example, a "/" if the name is a directory. |
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Ls -h |
Display file sizes in human readable format rather than in bytes. |
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Ls -r |
Display the results in reverse order. |
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Ls -S |
Sort results by file size. |
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Ls -t |
Sort by modification time. |
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/etc |
The /etc directory contains all of the system-wide configuration files. It also contains a collection of shell scripts which start each of the system services at boot time. Everything in this directory should be readable text. |
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/home |
In normal configurations, each user is given a directory in /home. Ordinary users can only write files in their home directories. This limitation protects the system from errant user activity. |
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/lib |
Contains shared library files used by the core system programs. These are similar to DLLs in Windows. |
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/lost+found |
Each formatted partition or device using a Linux file system, such as ext3, will have this directory. It is used in the case of a partial recovery from a file system corruption event. Unless something really bad has happened to your system, this directory will remain empty. |
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/media |
On modern Linux systems the /media directory will contain the mount points for removable media such as USB drives, CD-ROMs, etc. that are mounted automatically at insertion. |
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/mnt |
On older Linux systems, the /mnt directory contains mount points for removable devices that have been mounted manually. |
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/opt |
The /opt directory is used to install “optional” software. This is mainly used to hold commercial software products that may be installed on your system. |
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/proc |
The /proc directory is special. It's not a real file system in the sense of files stored on your hard drive. Rather, it is a virtual file system maintained by the Linux kernel. The “files” it contains are peepholes into the kernel itself. The files are readable and will give you a picture of how the kernel sees your computer. |
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/root |
This is the home directory for the root account. |
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/sbin |
This directory contains “system” binaries. These are programs that perform vital system tasks that are generally reserved for the superuser. |
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/tmp |
The /tmp directory is intended for storage of temporary, transient files created by various programs. Some configurations cause this directory to be emptied each time the system is rebooted. |
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/usr |
The /usr directory tree is likely the largest one on a Linux system. It contains all the programs and support files used by regular users. |
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/usr/bin |
/usr/bin contains the executable programs installed by your Linux distribution. It is not uncommon for this directory to hold thousands of programs. |
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/usr/lib |
The shared libraries for the programs in /usr/bin. |
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/usr/local |
The /usr/local tree is where programs that are not included with your distribution but are intended for system- wide use are installed. Programs compiled from source code are normally installed in /usr/local/bin. On a newly installed Linux system, this tree exists, but it will be empty until the system administrator puts something in it. |
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/usr/sbin |
Contains more system administration programs. |
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/usr/share |
/usr/share contains all the shared data used by programs in /usr/bin. This includes things like default configuration files, icons, screen backgrounds, sound files, etc. |
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/usr/share/doc |
Most packages installed on the system will include some kind of documentation. In /usr/share/doc, we will find documentation files organized by package. |
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/var |
With the exception of /tmp and /home, the directories we have looked at so far remain relatively static, that is, their contents don't change. The /var directory tree is where data that is likely to change is stored. Various databases, spool files, user mail, etc. are located here. |
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/var/log |
/var/log contains log files, records of various system activity. These are very important and should be monitored from time to time. The most useful one is /var/log/messages. Note that for security reasons on some systems, you must be the superuser to view log files . |
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cp |
Copy files and directories. |
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mv |
Move/rename files and directories. |
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mkdir |
Create directories. |
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rm |
Remove files and directories. |
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ln |
Create hard and symbolic links. |
