Linguistics Midterm

Front 1

5 properties of human language

Back 1

1. displacement
2. arbitrariness
3. productivity
4. cultural transmission
5.duality

Front 2

what are the 2 functions of language?

Back 2

1. communicative signals: intentional; intended to communicate emotion, etc.
2. informative signals: unintentional; facial expressions, gestures, etc. (aka extra linguistic)

Front 3

reflexivity

Back 3

humans are able to reflect on language and its uses
-we can use language to think & talk about language itself, making it 1 of the distinguishing features of human language
-dogs don't bark about barking for example

Front 4

displacement

Back 4

displaced in time & space; can talk about past, future, can lie, tell untrue stories, etc

Front 5

arbitrariness

Back 5

linguistic form doesn't equal the meaning; no natural connection

Front 6

productivity

Back 6

infinite vs. fixed number of possibilities
-infinite number of utterances in human communication
-fixed number in animal communication

Front 7

fixed reference

Back 7

property of a communication system where each signal is fixed as relating to one certain obj or occasion

Front 8

cultural transmission

Back 8

children acquire language culturally- will learn language they're exposed to no matter what they're genetic background is

Front 9

duality

Back 9

aka double articulation; language organized at 2 levels/layers simultaneously
1. physical- actual sounds we make
2. mental

Front 10

washoe

Back 10

lived in domestic environment & treated like family; demonstrated productivity; raised by gardners; american sign language; signs for 100 words

Front 11

nim

Back 11

herbert terrace; american sign language; treated like a subject & kept in cell as research animal

Front 12

3 features for consonants

Back 12

place, manner, voicing

Front 13

4 vowel features

Back 13

tongue height, tongue frontness, jaw tension, lip rounding

Front 14

phonetic alphabet

Back 14

(ipa) symbols that represent sounds

Front 15

phonetics

Back 15

the study of characteristics of speech sounds

Front 16

3 types of phonetics

Back 16

1. articulatory: what mouth does to produce sound
2. acoustic: physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air
3. auditory: perception thru ear of speech sounds

Front 17

place of articulation

Back 17

-places inside mouth at which the constriction takes place
1. bilabials: both lips
2.labiodentals: upper teeth & lower lip
3. dentals/interdental: tongue behind front teeth
4. alveolar: front part of tongue on alveolar ridge
5. palatals: tongue & palate
6. velars:back of tongue against velum
7. glottals: w/o active use of tongue & other parts of mouth

Front 18

manner of articulation

Back 18

-how we say the sound
1. stop: free flow of air from mouth & nose- complete stop then free flow
2. nasal - all + voicing; redirects air thru nose
3. fricatives: block air stream & air pushes thru narrow opening
4. affricates: brief stopping of air stream combined w/ obstructed release which causes friction; 2 consonant sounds coarticulated
5. liquids: air flows around sides of tongue as tip of tongue touches middle of alv. ridge
6. glides: tongue glides to/from position of vowel

Front 19

glides & liquids are known as what?

Back 19

approximants

Front 20

glottal stop

Back 20

occurs when the space between the vocal folds is closed completely then released

Front 21

flap

Back 21

sound produced when tongue tip briefly touches alveolar ridge

Front 22

vowel

Back 22

sounds produced w/ a relatively free flow of air

Front 23

diphthongs

Back 23

2 vowels coarticulated; vocal organs move from 1 vocalic position to another

Front 24

phoneme

Back 24

meaning-distinguishing sounds; mental concept

Front 25

phones

Back 25

phonetic; individual sounds

Front 26

allophone

Back 26

different pronunciations of a single phoneme; physical concept

Front 27

aspiration

Back 27

puff of air that sometimes accompanies pronunciation of a stop

Front 28

nasalization

Back 28

pronunciation of a sound w/air flowing thru nose, typically before a nasal consonant

Front 29

minimal pair

Back 29

when 2 words are identical in form except for a contrast in 1 phoneme occuring in the same position
ex: bat & pat

Front 30

minimal set

Back 30

when a group of words can be differentiated by changing 1 phoneme (always in same position)
ex: feat, fit, fat, fate, fought, foot

Front 31

phonotactics

Back 31

constraints on permissible combo of sounds

Front 32

syllable

Back 32

must contain a vowel or vowel-like sound

Front 33

onset

Back 33

the part of the syllable before the vowel

Front 34

rhyme

Back 34

part of the syllable containing the vowel plus any following consonants

Front 35

open syllables

Back 35

have an onset & nucleus but no coda
ex: cv
me, to

Front 36

closed syllables

Back 36

when a coda is present
ex: cvc/vc
up, cup

Front 37

coda

Back 37

following consonants

Front 38

nucleus

Back 38

the vowel

Front 39

consonant cluster

Back 39

both the onset & coda can consist of more than 1 consonant
ex: stop/ post

Front 40

coarticulation effects

Back 40

when sounds bump against other when speaking; process of making 1 sound almost at the same time as the next

Front 41

2 well known coarticulation effects

Back 41

elision & assimilation

Front 42

assimilation

Back 42

one sound becomes more like another

Front 43

dissimilation

Back 43

one sound becomes more different than another; both place & manner are diff

Front 44

elison

Back 44

process of deleting/not pronuncing a sound segment that may be present in the diliberate careful pronunciation of the word in isolation

Front 45

epenthesis

Back 45

insertion of a sound

Front 46

metathesis

Back 46

rearragement of sounds

Front 47

natural class of sounds

Back 47

when 2 sounds share similar features

Front 48

5 phonological processes

Back 48

assimilation, dissimilation, epenthesis, metatheis, elision

Front 49

word formation processes

Back 49

coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, conversion, derivation, backformation, morphalogical misanalysis,acronym, eponym

Front 50

neologism

Back 50

a new word

Front 51

etymology

Back 51

study of the history and origin of a word

Front 52

coinage

Back 52

least common way a new word enters english language; invention of new terms
ex: kodak, xerox, kleenex, aspirin

Front 53

eponyms

Back 53

proper names; new words based on a person or place
ex: hoover, watt (james watt)

Front 54

borrowing

Back 54

one of the most common sources of new words; take word from another language & make it one's own
ex: lilac, piano, tattoo, zebra

Front 55

loan-translation/calque

Back 55

special type of borrowing; direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language

Front 56

compounding

Back 56

2 words combined together
ex:fingerprint, sunburn

Front 57

amalgimated compound

Back 57

elements so close together that we forget a word was originally a compound
ex: cupboard

Front 58

blending

Back 58

combination of 2 separate forms to produce a single new term
ex: smoke + fog = smog

Front 59

clipping

Back 59

reduction of a word
ex: advertisement -> ad

Front 60

hypocorism

Back 60

a word formation process (clipping) in which a longer word is reduced to a shorter form with -y or -ie at the end

Front 61

backformation

Back 61

removing what looks like a derivation affix; typically a word of 1 type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a verb)
ex: television (noun) .. the verb televise created from it

Front 62

conversion

Back 62

aka functional shift; a change in the function of a word, such as a noun to a verb, as a way of forming new words
ex: to printout becomes a printout

Front 63

acronym

Back 63

new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words
ex: a.i.d.s.
radar

Front 64

derivation

Back 64

adding a derivation affix (small bits)
ex: un-, mis-, -ful, -ness

Front 65

prefix

Back 65

affix added at beginning of word

Front 66

suffix

Back 66

affix added at end of word

Front 67

infix

Back 67

an affix that's incorporated inside another word
ex: unfuckinbelievable
kamhmu (infix -rn- added)

Front 68

analogy

Back 68

process of forming a new word to be similar in some way to an existing word