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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Morphological typology
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Classification of languages according to common morphological structures.
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Morphological strategies used in English
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- inflectional affixation (cats, freezing, biggest)
- vowel mutation (foot/feet, run/ran) - suppletion (go/went, good/better) - in general, English relies on word order to express case relationships |
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Synthetic language
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A language in which syntactic relations are expressed by inflectional morphemes rather than by word order. Words are formed by affixing morphemes to a root morpheme.
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Analytic language
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A language in which syntactic relations are expressed primarily by word order rather than by inflectional morphemes attached to words. Analytic languages have very few derivational or infectional affixes. They often form words by combining free morphemes into compound words.
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Agglutinative languages
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A type of synthetic language which can have several morphemes that attach to a root morpheme. Each morpheme has only one meaning that is clearly distinct. E.g. Turkish, Swahili, Salish
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Polysynthetic languages
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Languages with a high number of morphemes per word (highly agglutinative languages)
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Fusional languages
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Languages in which morphemes have more than one meaning fused into a single affix - morphemes attached to the root may fuse more than one meaning into a single affix. E.g. Spanish, German, Russian, Hebrew
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Slang
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An informal word or expression that has not gained complete acceptability and is used by a particular group. Generally (not always) existing words are repurposed; have a fairly short life
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Jargon
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Specialized vocabulary associated with a trade or profession, sport, game, etc.
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Dialect
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Variety of a language that has unique phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and vocabulary.
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Register
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Manner of speaking that depends on audience (e.g. formal vs informal)
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Taboo word
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Forbidden word or expression interpreted as insulting, vulgar, or rude in a particular language.
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Verb + Particle
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A way of forming a new word. E.g. handout, takeout, pickup, takeover, shoo-in.
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Coining (neologism)
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Recently created word; typically refers to a word not derived from existing words. E.g. "bling".
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Compounding
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Combining one or more words into a single word. Can be of any open-class variety (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs). Compound prepositions also exist, and prepositions can form part of the compounds of other categories (e.g. outsource). No consistent spelling; compounds can occur with hyphens, as separate words, or spelled out as a single word. Can be recognized by stress pattern; typically compound stress falls on the first word (allows distinction from phrases) e.g. stress in black bird vs blackbird.
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Eponym
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Word that comes from the name of a person associated with it. E.g. Braille, Achilles heel, Orwellian
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Blend (portmanteau)
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Word made from putting parts of two words together. E.g. permafrost, blog, brunch
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Conversion
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Change of a word's syntactic category without changing form, such as a noun becoming a verb. E.g. trash/to trash. Some conversions induce a change in stress (e.g. permit, convert)
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Acronym
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Word formed from abbreviations of other words (e.g. SARS, NASA, WASP, radar, scuba)
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Initialism
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Word formed from the initial letters of a group of words, pronounced with their letter names. E.g. DVD, OMG, LOL
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Orthographic initialisms/abbreviations
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The written word is a shortening of some other word, but we pronounce the whole word rather than the abbreviation (Jr., Dr., Mr.)
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Clipping
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Making a word by omitting syllables in an existing word (e.g. pants from pantaloons, strep from streptococcus)
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Backformation
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Making a new word by omitting what appears to be a morpheme (usually a suffix or prefix) but actually isn't. E.g. edit is backformed from editor, scavenge is backformed from scavenger. Nearly impossible to tell without knowing the history of the word.
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Reduplication
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Making a word by doubling an entire free morpheme (total reduplication) or part of it. E.g. hocus-pocus, hoity-toity, tutti-frutti, mama.
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