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350 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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meaning
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the communicative function of language, the message words convey
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semantics
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the study of meaning in human language
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homophony
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a single form has two or more entirely distinct meanings
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lexical ambiguity
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when a single form has two or more meanings (homophony, polysemy)
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polysemy
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a word has two or more related meanings
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synonyms
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words or expressions that have the same meaning in some or all contexts
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contradiction
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when two sentences cannot both be true
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entailment
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when the truth of one sentence guarantees the truth of another sentence
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paraphrases
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two different sentences that are said to have the same meaning
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truth condition
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the circumstances under which a sentence is true
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Antonyms
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words or phrases that are opposites with respect to some component of their meaning
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connotation
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the set of associations that a word's use can evoke
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denotation/referents
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Entities that a word or expression refers to
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componential analysis/ semantic decomposition
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The representation of a word's intension in terms of smaller semantic components called features
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Semantic features
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The semantic components that make up a word's intension
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Intension
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an expression's inherent sense; the concepts that it evokes
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fuzzy concept
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Concepts that do not have clear-cut boundaries that distinguish them from other concepts
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graded
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A concept whose members display varying degrees of the characteristics that are considered typical of the concept
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prototypical
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Characteristic of the best exemplars of a concept
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metaphor
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the understanding of one concept in terms of another
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spatial metaphors
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use of a word that is primarily associated with spatial orientation to talk about physical and psychological states
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lexicalization
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the proxess whereby concepts are encoded in the words of a language
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conflation pattern
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A class of meanings created by combining semantic elements such as manner and motion or direction and motion
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grammaticized
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concepts that are expressed as affixes or non-lexical categories
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evidentiality
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a system of morphological contrasts indicating the type of evidence for the truth of a statement
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principle of compositionality
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The meaning of a sentence is determined by the meaning of its component parts and the manner in which they are arranged in syntactic structure
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constructional meaning
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the meaning associated with a structural pattern above and beyond the meaning of its component words
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structurally ambiguous
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sentences where component words can be combined in more than one way
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readings
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the interpretation for a particular utterance
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thematic roles
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the part played by a particular entity in an event
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theme source
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thematic role of the entity directly affected by the action of the verb
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goal
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the thematic role that describes the end point for a movement
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agent
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the thematic role of the doer of an action
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location
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a thematic role that specifies the place where an action occurs
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thematic grid
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where information about thematic roles assigned by a particular lexical item is recorded
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pronouns
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must have an antecedent (within the same clause) that c-commands it
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pronominals
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a pronoun whose interpretation may, but does not have to, be determined by an antecedent in the same sentence
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reflexive pronouns
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a pronoun that must have a c-command antecedent, usually in the same clause
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antecedent
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the element that determines the interpretation of a pronoun
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c-command
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a syntactic notion that is involved in pronoun interpretation and is formulated as: NPa c-command NPb if the first category above NPa contains NPb
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pragmatics
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the speaker's and addressee's background attitudes and beliefs, their understanding of the context in which a sentence is uttered, and their knowledge of how language can be used to inform, to persuade, to mislead, and so forth
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presupposition
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the assumption or belief implied by the use of a particular word or structure
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setting
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physical environment in which a sentence is uttered
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deictics (spatial)
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forms whose use and interpretation depend on the location of the speaker and/or hearer within a particular setting
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discourse
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the connected series of utterances produced during a speech act
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old information
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the knowledge that the speaker assumes is available to the addressee at the time of the utterance
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new information
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knowledge that is introduced into the discourse for the first time
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topic
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what a sentence or a portion of the discourse is about
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conversational implicature
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information that is understood through inference but is not actually said
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cooperative principle
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make your contribution appropriate to the conversation
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conversational maxims
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guidelines ensure that conversational interactions actually satisfy the Cooperative Principle
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Maxim of Relevance
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Be Relevant
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Maxim of Quality
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Try to make your contribution one that is true
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Maxim of Quantity
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do not make your contribution more or less informative than required
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Maxim of Manner
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Avoid ambiguity and obscurity; be brief and orderly
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extension
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the component of an expression that corresponds to the set of entities that it picks out in the real world (its referents)
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sociolinguistics
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the study of language in social contexts
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speech community
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any group of people who share some set of social conventions (sociolinguistic norms)
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sociolinguistic norms
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the social conventions that members of a speech community share
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accents
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phonetic qualities of a language variety that identify it to speakers of other varieties as different from their own
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dialects
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a systematic difference between varieties of the same language
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mutual intelligibility
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the criterion that is sometimes used to distinguish between a language and a dialect: Mutually intelligible varieties of a language can be understood by speakers of each variety and are therefore dialects of the same language
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speech variety
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the language or form of language used by a group of speakers
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sociolect
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a speech variety spoken by a group of people who share a particular social characteristic, such as socioeconomic class, ethnicity, or age
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ethnic dialect
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a type of sociolect where the accent is associated with a particular ethnic group
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regional dialect
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speakers are associated with a particular geographical area
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sociolinguistics of language
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how language is structured depending on the social circumstances in which it is used
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sociolinguistics of society
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how sociolinguistic norms can serve to express a speaker's social identity
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utterances
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languages in natural conversation (not always sentences)
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discourse analysis
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The field that deals with the organization of texts, including ways in which parts of texts are connected and the devices used for achieving textual structure
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speech act theory
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a theory explaining how speakers use language to accomplish intended actions and how hearers infer intended meanings from what is said
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ethnography of communication
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a methodology for analyzing discourse that uses the approach that anthropologists might use to study other cultural institutions such as medical or religious practices
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speech event
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an identifiable type of discourse associated with a particular speech situation
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speech situation
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any circumstance that may involve the use of speech
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communicative competence
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a speaker's underlying knowledge of the linguistic and social rules or principles for language production and comprehension in particular speech situations
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style
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the level or formality associated with a linguistic structure or set of structures classified along a continuum from most informal to most formal
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register
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a speech variety appropriate to particular speech situation
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jargon
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vocabulary peculiar to a particular field
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slang
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the use of faddish or nonstandard lexical items
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conversation analysis (ethnomethodology)
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a type of discourse analysis that focuses on the structural relationship between utterances in conversations
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adjacency pair
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an ordered pair of adjacent utterances spoken by two different speakers
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opening
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beginning section of a conversation
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closing
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ending section of a conversation which signals the end of the conversation
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turn-taking
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the change over between speakers' turns in a conversation
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high involvement style
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a style of turn-taking in a conversation in which speaker turns overlap (finishing other's sentence)
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cooperative overlaps
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overlapping of turns in a high involvement style conversation according to mutually held conventions of the participants
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sociolinguistic variable
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alternative ways of saying something
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discourse markers
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expressions such as 'well' 'oh' and 'you know' that are used by speakers to bracket utterances, to signal the speakers feelings about the utterance and to involve the listener
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solidarity/power
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expressed by using forms of language that emphasize some degree of closeness/ power is registered by avoiding such forms
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positive face
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the need to belong to a group and maintain solidarity with that group
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negative face
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the need to be free from imposition and remain autonomous
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face-threatening acts
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speech acts that create distance between people, thus disrupting solidarity
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positive politeness
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language use that increases the solidarity between interlocutors
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interlocutors
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the participants in the conversational exchange
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negative politeness
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strategies used by the speaker to lessen the imposition on the hearer
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taboo
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conversation topics that are deemed by social convention to be impolite
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euphemisms
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a word or phrase that is less direct than the taboo word it replaces and is considered to be more socially acceptable
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address terms
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forms that speakers use to address and refer to each other
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no-naming
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the practice of avoiding address terms when participants are unsure which term to use
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gender-exclusion
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a type of social differentiation in which the use of some linguistic forms depends on the gender of the speakers
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gender-variable
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the relative frequency with which mean and women use certain features of language
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verbal hedges
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words or phrases that make statements less assertive
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accommodation
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speakers modify their language patterns in interactions to make them more like those of the people with whom they are speaking
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converge
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the modification of language so that is becomes more similar to that of another speaker of group of speakers
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diverge
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speakers make modifications in their language patterns to become more unlike each other
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orderly heterogeneity
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variation in use of language among groups such that members from one group can be distinguished from members of other groups on the basis of linguistic variants
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standard (language)
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the prestige variety of a language that is employed by the government and media, is used and taught in educational institutions, and is the main or only written variety
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linguistic insecurity
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the degree to which speakers believe that their own variety is not standard
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matched guise test
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participants are asked to listen to recordings of two speakers and are asked to rate the speakers according to characteristics such as intelligence, likability, and social class
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nonstandard
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a variety of language that differs from the standard dialect in systematic ways
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domains of use
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where two varieties are used in sharply distinguished situations in a particular speech community
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diglossia
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the relationship between spoken varieties in a speech community
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official language
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the language declared of a particular region or country as a result of legislation
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language planning
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determining what policies are to be followed for the use of particular languages
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ebonics (AAVE)
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a cover term describing distinctive varieties of English spoken by americans of african descent
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dialectology
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studies and involves atlas surveys of large numbers of speakers over wide areas, designed to establish the geographical range and distribution of dialect differences
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atlas survey
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a linguistic survey that samples speakers according to regional speech communities
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telephone survey
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method researchers use to gather data by interviewing people over the phone
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postal survey
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when an interview does not required access to recordings of the speakers written questionnaires are sent out in the mail
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internet surveys
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a linguistic survey completed by subjects who happen to access a given web site, internet bulletin board or special interest list on the internet
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isoglosses
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lines drawn on a dialect map to represent boundaries between dialects
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isogloss bundle
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convergence of several lines drawn on a dialect map to represent boundaries between dialects
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postvocalic r
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an r that occurs after a vowel in the same syllable e.g. the r in core
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vowel shift
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when a series of vowel phonemes undergo reorganization
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Northern cities shift
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The systematic change in vowel sounds taking place in cities around the Great Lakes
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southern shift
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The systematic change in pronunciation of vowels in the southern states of the united states
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relic forms
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forms of older english that have become obsolete in standard american english
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a-prefixing
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adding an a to the beginning of a word (relic form) e.g. the dog came up just a-prancin'
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hypercorrection
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when speakers adopt variants that they believe to be correct even though these variants are not standard
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social network analysis
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an approach to sociolinguistic research which the researcher is a participant-observer of a social group and interprets linguistic variation in terms of the kinds and densities of relationships experienced by speakers
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dense social networks
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networks in which a large number of the speakers are interconnected
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multiplex networks
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networks in which the relationships are formed on the basis of several clusters or kinds or relationships
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age-grading
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when speakers have different language behavior depending on social situations associated with age
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ethnolinguistic vitality
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the strength of an ethnic group identity and the variety of language associated with it as measured by the number of people in the group relative to the majority, the degree of institutional support they receive, and their relative pride in their identity
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habitual (invariant) be
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when a 'be' is used to mark a habitual or repeated state, condition or action e.g. this room be cold
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lingua franca
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a language that is used when speakers of two or more different languages come into contact and do not know each other's language
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pidgin
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a rudimentary language with minimal grammatical rules and a small lexicon. Has no native speakers
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lexifier languages
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the language that provide most of the lexical items to a contact variety
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creole
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a language that originated as a pidgin and has become established as a first language in a speech community
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substrate language
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a language hypothesized to have supplied the basic grammatical structure for a contact variety
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relexification hypothesis
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the hypothesis that creoles are formed by using words from one language and the grammatical system of another
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language bioprogram hypothesis
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similarities among creoles reflect universal properties of an innate biological program that guides language acquisition
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acrolect
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a creole variety that is relatively similar to the standard language from which it arose
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basilect
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a creole variety that shows the lease influence from the standard language from which it arose
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mesolect
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a creole variety that falls between an acrolect and a basilect in terms of the amount of influence from the standard language
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code switching
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speakers in bilingual communities adopt a variety of speech that involves alternating between languages in the same discourse
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borrowing
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where a single word from one language is embedded in the syntax of another language
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metaphorical code switching
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the use of code switching to express solidarity with or distance from the speech communities associated with the languages being switched
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situational code switching
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when people switch from one code to another for clearly identifiable reasons
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neurolinguistics
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the understanding of how language is represented and processed in the brain
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neurons
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nerve cells that are the basic information processing units of the nervous system
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cerebral cortex
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the gray wrinkled mass that sits like a cap over the rest of the brain and is the seat of cognitive functioning
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sulci
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the part of the cerebral cortex where it is folded in
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gyri
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where the cerebral cortex is folded out
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fissure
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where a sulci is very deep and extends from the front of the brain to the back
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longitudinal fissure
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separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres
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corpus callosum
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allows the two hemispheres to communicate with one another
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contralateral
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the control of the right side of the body by the left side of the brain and vice versa
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lateralized
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the unilateral control of cognitive functions by either the left or the right side of the brain
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lobes
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the substructures of the cortex in each hemisphere
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central sulcus
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the fold that extends from the top of the cerebral cortex to the lateral fissure
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lateral fissure
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the fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes in the brain
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frontal lobe
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planning, prediction. speech, discrete movements of the body
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parietal lobe
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reading ability sensation of: pain, temp, touch, pressure, taste
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temporal lobe
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audition, memory, processing, sensory integration
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occipital lobe
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visual processing cortex
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angular gyrus
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an area of the brain that plays important role in reading
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autopsy studies
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studies based on a post mortem examination
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lesion
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severe damage in the brian
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brocca's area
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lower portion of the left frontal lobe which is key in speech production
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brocca's aphasia
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an impairment in the ability to speak when this part of the brain is damaged
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computerized axial tomography (CT scan)
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a technique that uses a narrow beam of x-ray to create brain images that take the form of a series of brain slices
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positon emission tomography (PET)
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a brain scanning technique that looks at the brains glucose and oxygen consumption
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functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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technique that yields information on areas of high brain activity during the performance of cognitive tasks but is somewhat less invasive than PET
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magnetoencephalography (MEG)
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records very subtle changes in the magnetic fields generated with the brain
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dichotic listening studies
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research based on an experimental technique in which the subject listens to different sounds in each ear
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right ear advantage
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a phenomenon where speech is louder and clearer when it is heard in the right ear than in the left ear for right-handed people
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split brain experiments
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studies that investigate the effects of surgically severing the corpus callosum
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aphasia
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the loss of language ability as a result of damage to the brain
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dysprosody
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the lack of sentence intonation a common characteristic of Broca's aphasia
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phonemic paraphasias
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speech errors that result from phonemic substiutions and omissions
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motor aphasia
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slow, effortful speech production
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global aphasia
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patient is completely mute
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function words
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words such as determiners and conjunctions that specify grammatical relations rather than carry semantic content
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telegraphic speech
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speech lacking functional categories and bound morphemes
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fluent aphasia
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no difficulty producing speech but a lot of difficulty selecting organizing and monitoring their language production
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wernicke's aphasia
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the aphasia that results in fluent but nonsensical speech
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wernicke's area
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the area of the brain involved in the interpretation and the selection of lexical terms
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jargonaphasia
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a symptom of severe cases of wernicke's aphasia in which speech contains very few real words of the language
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acquired dyslexia
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impairment to the reading ability
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acquired dysgraphia
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an impairment to the writing ability
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paragraphia
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writing errors made by broca's aphasics that have characteristics corresponding to their speech
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phonological dyslexia
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type of dyslexia in which the patient seems to have lost the ability to use spelling to sound rules
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surface dyslexia
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unable to recognize words as wholes. must process all words through a set of spelling to sound rules
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deep dyslexia
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patients produce reading errors that are systematically related to the word that they are asked to read
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agrammatism
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indicates when the grammatical ability has been lost
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grammar
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the mental system that allows people to speak and understand a language
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naturalistic approach
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investigators observe and record children's spontaneous utterances
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diary study
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researcher/parent keeps daily notes on a child's linguistic progress
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experimental studies
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researchers typically make use of specially designed tasks to elicit linguistic activity relevant to the phenomenon that they with to study
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cross-sectional
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research that investigates and compares the linguistic knowledge of different children at a particular point in development
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longitudinal
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examine language development in a particular child or group over an extended period of time (naturalistic study)
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babbling
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speech-like sounds produced as babies acquire and exercise articulatory skills
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stopping
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the replacement of a fricative by a corresponding stop
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fronting
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the moving forward of a sound's place of articulation
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gliding
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the replacement of a liquid by a glide
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denasalization
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the replacement of a nasal stop by a non-nasal counterpart
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overextensions
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the meaning of the child's word is more general or inclusive than that of the corresponding adult form
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underextension
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the use of lexical items in an overly restrictive fashion
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overgeneralizations
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errors that result from the overly broad application of a rule
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developmental sequence
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the stages of linguistic development that are relatively invariant across language learners
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holophrases
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single word utterances for whole sentences 1 -1.5 years old
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one-word stage
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stage of linguistic development where the child can one use one word utterances
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two-word stage
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early word combinations presence of syntactic categories unclear 1.5 - 2
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telegraphic stage
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emergence of phrase structure especially head- complement and subject VP patterns 2-2.5
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canonical sentence strategy
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a processing strategy that leads children to expect the first NP in a sentence to bear the agent role and second NP to bear the theme role
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motherese
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speech that is typically addressed to young language learners
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nativism
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view that certain grammatical knowledge is in born
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parameter
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the set of alternatives for a particular phenomenon made available by universal grammar to individual learners
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parameter setting
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the determination of which option permitted by a particular parameter is appropriate for the language being learned
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universal grammar (UG)
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the system of categories, operations, and principles shared by all human languages and considered to be innate
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critical period
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a particular time frame during which children have to be exposed to language if the acquisition process is to be successful
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bilingualism
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where someone is exposed to and learns two languages simultaneously
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second language acquisition (SLA)
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research investigates how people attain proficiency in a language that is not there mother tongue
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interlanguage (IL)
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it is a system of mental representations influenced by both the first and the second language and has features of each
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transfer
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process whereby a feature or rule from a learner's first language is carried over to the IL grammar
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fossilization
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when an interlanguage grammar stops changing
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target
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the language that is to be acquired
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communicative competence
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a speaker's underlying knowledge of the linguistic and social rules or principles for language production and comprehension in particular speech situations
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grammatical competence
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knowledge of the core components of the grammar
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textual competence
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knowledge of well formedness above the sentence level including the rules that string sentences together to make a a well-formed text in the spoken or written language
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illocutionary force
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the speaker's intent in producing an utterance
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illocutionary competence
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ability to comprehend a speaker's intent and to produce a variety of sentence types to convey a particular intent in various circumstances
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sociolinguistic competence
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ability to produce and comprehend a variety of social dialects
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competence
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linguistic knowledge
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performance
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actual language use in particular situations
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markedness
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structures that are complex or less common
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unmarked
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structures that are simple and/or especially common in human language
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markedness differential hypothesis
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investigates second language acquisition by comparing the relative markedness of structures in the two languages
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similarity differential rate hypothesis
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claims that the rates of acquisition for dissimilar phenomena are faster than for similar phenomena
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null subject parameter
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parameter designed to account for the contrast between languages which require overt grammatical subjects
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verb movement parameter
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a cross-linguistic variation involving whether the verb does or does not raise to I
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subset principle
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for first language learners, the initial or default setting will be the subset value
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positive evidence
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information as to the ungrammatical nature of utterances
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negative evidence
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observations about what is missing or ungrammatical in the data
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impaired representation hypothesis
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argues that the learners have come sort of underlying representation deficiency
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missing surface inflection hypothesis
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the hypothesis that states that second language learners who produce errors may actually have correct underlying representations for the structure in which they have made errors but have difficulty mapping these underlying representations to their surface forms
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critical period hypothesis
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The hypothesis that achievement of nativelike proficiency in a second language depends on age of acquisition and is rarely attainable unless the learner begins second language acquisition during the critical period
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affective factors
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the emotional side of learning a second language
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instrumental motivations
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involves wanting to learn the L2 for a specific goal or reason
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integrative motivation
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wanting to learn L2 in order to learn more about a particular culture or fit into it better
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cognitive style
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the way in which one is predisposed to process information in our environment
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field dependence
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a learning style in which the learner operates holistically, perceiving the field as a whole rather than in terms of its component parts
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field independence
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a learning style in which the learner operates analytically perceiving the field in terms of its component parts rather than as a whole
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accuracy
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whether the learner has the correct representation of a particular linguistic structure (involves knowledge)
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fluency
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the rapid retrieval or processing of those representations (skills)
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english language learners (ELLs)
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nonative speakers of english in the english speaking school population
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one-way bilingual education
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offers instruction only to language minority students in their first languages and in english
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sheltered instruction
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second language is taught through academic content
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newcomer programs
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provide intensive language instruction, literacy development, cultural orientation, and some content instruction
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two-way immersion programs
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provide bilingual education for native speakers of english and ELLs together
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heritage language programs
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educational programs designed to preserve, maintain, or revive the ancestral languages of indigenous peoples, immigrants or refugees in america
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language nest
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an education program for preschoolers in which a minority language is used exclusively
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dialect
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a regional or social variety of language characterized by its own phonological, syntactic, or lexical properties
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mutual intelligibility
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if mutually intelligible the same language can be understood by speakers of each variety
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genetic classification
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categorizes languages according to their descent
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genetically related
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languages that developed historically from the same ancestor languages
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linguistic typology
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classifies languages according to their structural characteristics without regard for genetic relationships
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linguistic universals
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structural characteristics that occur in all or most languages
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areal classifications
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identifies characteristics shared by languages that are in geographical contact
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absolute universals
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structural patterns and traits that occur in all languages
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universal tendencies
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structural patterns and traits that occur in most languages
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tone languages
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languages that use pitch to male meaning distinctions between words
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isolating language
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languages that contain only words that consist of a single (root) morpheme
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polysynthetic language
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single words can consist of long strings of roots and affixes that often express meanings that are associated with entire sentences in other languages
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synthetic languages
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languages that permit multi-morphemic words but one word does nor usually mean a whole sentence
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agglutinating language
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language that has words that can contain several morphemes but words are easily divided into their component parts.
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fusional language
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languages in which words typically consist of several morphemes and the morphemes that are affixes often mark several grammatical categories simultaneously
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hierarchies
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in the classification of languages, the degrees of markedness or particular structures in the world's languages going from least marked to most marked
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articulatory simplification
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sound changes being closely related to ease of articulation
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isolates
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languages with no known relatives are called isolates
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phyla
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the groups into which purportedly related languages stocks are placed
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historical linguistics
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concerned with both the description and the explanation of language change
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analogy
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the preference of speakers for regular patterns over irregular ones
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reanalysis
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a source of language change that involves an attempt to attribute an internal structure to a word that formerly was not broken down into component morphemes
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language contact
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the situation where speakers of a language frequently interact with the speakers of another language or dialect
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phonetically conditioned change
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sound change that begins as subtle alterations in the sound pattern of a language in particular phonetic environments
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sequential change
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sound change that involves sequences of segments
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segmental change
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a sound change that affects a segment
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assimilation
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sequential change that has the effect of increasing the efficiency of articulation through a simplification of articulatory movements
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place or manner of articulation
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the process by which one segment becomes more like another in either the place at which it is articulated or the manner by which it is articulated
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palatalization
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the effect that front vowels and palatal guide [j] typically have on velar, alveolar, and dental stops, making their place of articulation more palatal
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affrication
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a change in which palatalized stops become affricates
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nasalization
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nasalizing effect that a nasal consonant can have on an adjacent vowel
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umlaut
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the effect a vowel or sometimes a glide in one syllable can have on the vowel of another syllable, usually the preceding one
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dissimilation
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the process whereby one segment is made less like another segment in its environment
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epenthesis
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the insertion of a consonant or vowel into a particular environment
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metathesis
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the change in the relative positioning of segments
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deletion
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letter gets deleted vowel or consonant
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weakening process
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letter gets weakened
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apocope
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word final vowel
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syncope
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word internal vowel
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vowel reduction
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a full vowel is reduced to a schwa-like vowel
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consonant deletion
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when a consonant gets deleted
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consonant weakening
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pathways from a full consonant to a deleted consonant
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degemination
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the weakening of a geminate consonant (double consonant) to a non-geminate consonant [tt] to [t]
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frication
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stops wealen to fricatives
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voicing
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voiceless stops or voiceless fricatives weaken to voiced stops or voiced fricatives
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rhotacism
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common type of weakening where a [z] changes to a [r]
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glide strengthening
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the strengthening of a glide to an affricate
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deaffrication
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segmental change where affricates change to fricatives by eliminating the stop portion of the affricate
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substitution
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auditorily based change involving the replacement of one segment with another similar sounding segment
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phonetic sound change
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first stage of a sound change results in the creation of a new allophone of an already existing phoneme
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grammaticalization
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the change of a lexical form into a grammatical form
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fusion
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a morphological change in which a word becomes an affix
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folk etymology
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reanalysis of a word that is based on an incorrect historical analysis
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lexical gaps
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gaps in the lexicon that result from technological innovation or contact with another culture
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substratum influence
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the effect of a politically of culturally nondominant language on a dominant language in the area (american english borrowing language from words from native american language)
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superstratum influence
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the effect of a politically or culturally dominant language on another language or languages in the area
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adstratum influence
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the situation in which two languages are in contact and neither one is clearly politically or culturally dominate
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comparative method
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procedure of reconstructing earlier forms on the basis of a comparison of later forms
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comparative reconstruction
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reconstruct properties of the parent language one the basis of a comparison of later forms
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protolanguage
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a reconstructed language made by the comparative method
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protoforms
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the form that is reconstructed as the source of cognate words in related languages
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phonetic plausibility
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requires that an changes posited to account for differences between the protoforms and later forms must be phonetically plausible
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majority rules stategy
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if no phonetically plausible change can account for the observed differences then the segment found in the majority of cognate should be assumed
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proto-indo-european (PIE)
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the protolanguage from which evolved most of the languages of Europe, Persia, and the northern part of India
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sound shift
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the systematic modification of a series of phonemes
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Grimm's law
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the consonant shifts that took place between proto-indo-european and proto-germanic
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verner's law
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voiceless fricative resulting from grimm's law underwent voicing if the original PIE accent did not immediately precede it
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writing
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the symbolic representation of language by graphic signs or symbols
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logographic
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type of writing in which symbols called logograms represent morphemes or even entire words
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logograms
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a writing symbol representing a morpheme or a word
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cuneiform
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writing invented in the fourth millennium in mesopotamia and produced by pressing a wedge-shaped stylus into soft clay tablets
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heiroglyphs
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an ancient egyptian writing system that used pictures as pictograms, logograms, and consonant phonemes
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characters
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the units of the contemporary Chinese writing system many of which consist of two parts a phonetic determinative and a radical
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phonographic writing
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symbols represent syllables or segments
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syllabic writing
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employs signs to represent syllables
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alphabetic writing
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a type of writing in which symbols represent consonant and/or vowel segments
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prewriting
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possible forerunners of writing such as incised bone or clay counter used to keep records
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pictograms
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early writing systems which used pictorial representations
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rebus principle
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allows a sign to be used for any word that is pronounced like the word whose meaning it originally represented
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determinatives
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signs that indicated the meaning of a word and how the previous signs were to be interpreted
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acrophonic principle
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sounds are represented by pictures of objects whose pronunciation begins with the sound to be represented
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boustrophedon
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the practice of reversing the direction of writing at the end of each line, which was typical of many old writing systems
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symbolic signs
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a sign that bears an arbitrary relationship to its regerent
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phonetic determinative
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provides info about the pronunciation of the corresponding morpheme
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radical
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semantic component in chinese characters which provides clues about the morphemes meaning
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pinyin
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system of writing mandarin with a modified latin alphabet
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orthography
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set of conventions for representing language in written form
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