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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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native speakers
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those who have acquired a language as children in a natural setting
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linguistic competence
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the ability of speakers to understand an unlimited number of uterrances, including many that are novel and unfamiliar, and the ability to recognize that certain utterances are not acceptable
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grammar
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the mental system that allows human beings to form and interpret the sounds, words, and sentences of their language
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descriptive grammar
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linguistic grammar where the goal is the explain the facts of languages
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prescriptive grammar
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the goal is to change the facts of languages
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linguistics
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the study of how language works
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phonetics
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the branch of linguistics dealing with the inventory and structure of the sounds of speech
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phones
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wide variety of speech sounds in the human language
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articulatory phonetics
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one approach to phonetics that studies the physiological mechanisms of speech production
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acoustic phonetics
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one approach to phonetics that is concerned with measuring and analyzing the physical properties of the sounds waves we produce when we speak
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IPA
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International Phonetic Alphabet-the universal system for transcribing the sounds of speech
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segments
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individual phones like [p], [s], or [m]
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syllable
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unit of linguistic structure that consists of a syllabic element and any segments that are associated with it.
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features
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make up segments
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broad transcription
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when we use the same symbol to represent two sounds that are not exactly the same phonetically
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narrow transcription
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phonetic transcription that uses a fairly elaborate set of symbols and diacritics to show phonetic detail
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diacritics
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marks added to phonetic symbol to alter its value in some way
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sonorous
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acoustically powerful (vowels are more than consonants)
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nucleus
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forms the core of a syllable
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stridents or sibilants
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the noisier fricatives and affricates
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suprasegmental or prosodic properties
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above the individual speech sound
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downdrift
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each high tone is always lower than the preceding high tone, but higher than the low tone that immediately precedes it
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coarticulation
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when more than one articulator is active
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assimilation
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results from a sound becoming more like another nearby sound in terms of one or more of its phonetic characteristics
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nasalization
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when a vowel comes before a nasal consonant is becomes nasal
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regressive assimilation
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when a sound influences a preceding segment
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progressive assimilation
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when a sound influences a following segment
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voicing assimilation
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process in which one sound becomes more like another sound in terms of whether it is voiced or voiceless
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devoicing
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voicing assimilation in which a sound becomes voiceless because of a nearby voiceless sound
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flapping
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a process in which a dental or alveolar stop articulation changes to a flap articulation
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dissimilation
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results in two sounds becoming less alike in articulatory or acoustic terms
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epenthesis
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process that inserts a syllabic or nonsyllabic segment within an existing string of segments
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metathesis
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process that reorders a sequence of segments resulting in a sequence of phones that is easier to articulate
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vowel reduction
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the articulation of vowels moves to a more central position when the vowels are unstressed
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phonology
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the component of grammar that determines the selection of speech sounds and that governs both the sound patterns and the systematic phonetic variation found in language
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