Linguistics

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SUBSTANTIVE

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any word, phrase, or clause used as a noun: nouns themselves, pronouns, gerunds, infinitives, noun clauses
Called NOMINALS by Structural Grammar--anything "noun-ish."

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ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

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a subject-verb group of words, modifying a substantive in another clause.

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ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

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this clause usually begins with RELATIVE PRONOUNS (who, which, that...): "A book which is popular among middle school students is Robb White's Deathwatch." Mildred is a person who can be trusted." "Cotton is a crop that we raise."

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ADVERB CLAUSE

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a subject-verb group of words, modifying a verb in another clause.

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ADVERB CLAUSE

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usually begin with SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS: "We left when the bell rang." "Since it had snowed, we waxed our skis."

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ANTECEDENT:

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the substantive which a pronoun refers back to

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APPOSITIVE:

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a substantive that renames a substantive right in front of it. "Troy Aikmann, the quarterback, ..."

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ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE:

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an adjective next to the word it describes ("red car"), as opposed to the PREDICATE ADJECTIVE. ("The car is red").

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DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE (and PRONOUN):

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the words "this-these, that-those." Alone, these words are pronouns ("These will be fine"). In front of nouns, they are adjectives ("That model is made in Japan").

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EMPHATIC FORM:

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use of "do-does-did" as helping verbs in the present and past tenses. "He did work all night

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FORM WORDS:

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term used by Structural Grammar for nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs - the words that form the sentence's meaning by formal clues (like "s" for plurals, "the" in front of nouns, etc.).

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FUTURE PERFECT TENSE:

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used for future action happening before another stated future action; it needs both "will" and "have." "The team will have finished its season before Coach will retire."

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IMPERATIVE MOOD:

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the verb form in any command. "Open the window."

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INDICATIVE MOOD:

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the verb form in a statement or question. "Do you enjoy bowling?" "I hate pepperoni."

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INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN:

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"who (whom, whose), which, what" when they begin a question. "Whose is that?"

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INTRANSITIVE VERB:

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any verb in a sentence without an object, i.e. nothing receives the action that the verb expresses. "The waiter shrugged." "We slept late." "The butler is a suspect."

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MOOD, MODE:

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the three manners of action: real (indicative), possible (subjunctive), or demanded (imperative). "I worked overtime. I might work overtime. Please work overtime."

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MORPHOLOGY

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one branch of grammar (along with syntax) which studies how word meanings change with the change of endings (inflections). The "s" makes a word plural.

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NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE:

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a noun (followed by a participle) related to the thought of the sentence, but not grammatically linked, i.e. not part of the basic pattern, nor a modifier). They are good occasional replacements for subordinate clauses, as in "The night being cold, I slept late" rather than "Because the night was cold. . . .

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8 Parts of Speech

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noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction, preposition, interjection

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PAST PERFECT TENSE

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a verb formed with "had" plus the past participle to indicate action that took place before some other past action. "My neighbor had spoken before I Spoke"

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PAST TENSE

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: a verb indicating a single, completed past action. Three forms: regular ("walked"), progressive ("was walking"), emphatic ("did walk"). "Yesterday we walked downtown."

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PHONEME:

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a single meaningful sound within a word; English uses about 45 of the 100 character International Phonetic Alphabet. "Lot" has three: /l/ and /ah/ and /t/.

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PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

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a tense formed with "has-have" plus the past participle to indicate a past action continuing in the present. "I have climbed this hill many times." "Melissa has been teaching C.C.D. for two months."

: the four basic forms of the verb in English, from which all other tenses, voices, and moods may be derived: present tense ("go"), present participle ("going"), past tense ("went"), past participle ("gone").

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PRESENT TENSE:

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a verb indicating action here and now, plus some conventional uses. Three forms: regular ("give"), progressive ("am giving"), emphatic ("do give"). "It looks suspicious."

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PRINCIPAL PARTS

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the four basic forms of the verb in English, from which all other tenses, voices, and moods may be derived: present tense ("go"), present participle ("going"), past tense ("went"), past participle ("gone").

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SEMANTICS

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the study of language's psychological overtones--how a word impacts--especially in the context of its changes of meaning through the years.

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SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD:

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the verb form indicating only possibility, or conditions contrary to fact. "I might go to the movies." "I can lift two hundred pounds." "I should phone home."

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TRANSITIVE VERB:

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a verb of action that has a direct object. ; "I stood the statue up"

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INTRANSITIVE

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a verb of action with no object
I stood up"

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PARTICIPLE:

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a verb used as an adjective. Three active voice forms: present ("speaking"), past ("spoken"), perfect ("having spoken"). "The speaking engagement..." "The well-spoken gentleman...

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Elliptical syntax

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constructing ideas without complete sentences
"Gonna practice in the rain!"

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Coordinate syntax

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constructing ideas by the use of "and, but,or, nor"

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Subordinate Syntax

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a way of constructing ideas by the use of carious words whose purpose is to show the precise relationship between one idea and another.

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STRUCTURE WORD

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300 words which organize the sentence, hold it together so other words can carry the meaning.
include: articles, prepositions, relative pronouns, helping verbs, subordinate conjunctions, and coordinate conjunctions

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WORDS FOUR JOBS:

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name
show action
describe
connect

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ADJECTIVE SAYS:

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Which one?
What kind?
How many?

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ADVERB SAYS

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When
Where
Why
How
To what extent