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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Meaning |
The conceptual or semantic aspect of a sign or utterance that permits us to comprehend the message being conveyed
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Arbitrary
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Describes the property of language whereby there is no natural or intrinsic relationship between the way a word is pronounced and its meaning
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Form
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Phonological or gestural representation of a morpheme or word
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Conventional
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The agreed on, though generally arbitrary relationship between the form and meaning of words
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Sound Symbolism
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The notion that certain sound combinations occur in semantically similar words. ex gl in gleam, glitter, glisten all relate to vision
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Onomatopoeic
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Words whose pronunciation suggest their meaning
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Creative Aspect
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Speakers' ability to combine the finite number of linguistic units of their language to produce and understand an infinite range of novel sentences
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Linguistic Competence
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The knowledge of a language represented by the mental grammar that accounts for the speakers' linguistic ability and creativity. It is unconscious knowledge
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Linguistic Performance
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The use of linguistic competence in the production and comprehension of language; behavior as distinguished from linguistic knowledge
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Slips of Tongue
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An involuntary deviation of an intended utterance. known as speech error
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Grammar
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The mental representation of a speakers' linguistic competence; what a speaker knows about a language, including its phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and lexicon. A linguistic description of a speakers mental grammar
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Descriptive Grammar
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A linguist's description or model of the mental grammar, including the units, structures, and rules. an explicit statement of what speakers know about the language
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Mental Grammar
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The internalized grammar that a descriptive grammar attempts to model
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Grammatical
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describes a well formed sequence of words, one conforming to the rules of syntax
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Prescriptive grammar
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rules of grammar that attempt to legislate what speakers' grammatical rules should be, rather than what they are
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prestige dialect
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dialect spoken by the people in positions of power
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dialect
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variety of a language whose grammar differs in systematic ways from other varieties.
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standard dialect
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the dialect considered to be the norm
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teaching grammar
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a set of language rules written to help speakers learn a foreign language or a different dialect of their language
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gloss
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a word in one language given to express the meaning of a word in another language
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phonology
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sound system of a language; the component of a grammar that includes the inventory of soundsand rules for their combination and pronunciation; the study of the sound systems of all languages
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semantics
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the study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences
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morphology
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the study of the structure of words; the component of the grammar that includes the rules of word formation
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syntax
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the rules of sentence formation; the component of the mental grammar that represents speakers' knowledge of the structure of phases and sentences
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lexicon
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the component of the grammar containing speakers' knowledge about morphemes and words; a speakers mental dictionary.
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universal grammar (UG)
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the innate principles and properties that pertain to the grammars of all human languages
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linguistic theory
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"the laws of human language"
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Neurolinguistics
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study of the brain mechanisms and anatomical structures that underlie linguistic competence and performance
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cortex
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nerve cells that form the surface of the brain
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cerebral hemispheres
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to parts to the brain, left and right
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corpus callosum
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pathway connecting two halves of brain
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contralateral
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the brain uses the left side to perform functions on right side of body and vice versa
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aphasia
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language disfunction as result of brain injury
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monogenetic theory of language origin
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theory that all languages originated from one source
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localization
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different abilities and behaviors can be traced to specific parts of the brain
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phrenology
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practice of determining personality, intellect, and other matter by examining bumps on the skull
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modularity
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view that the brain was divided up into distinct anatomical faculties that were directly responsible for specific cognitive functions, including language
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Broca's area (region)
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front part of left hemisphere, if damaged would result in loss of speech
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lateralized
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term that refers to a function that is localized primarily on one side of the brain
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Broca's aphasia
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language disorder where person has labored speech, word finding pauses, and disturbed word orders
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Wernicke's area
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back portion of left hemisphere
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Wenicke's aphasia
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language disorder where person has lexical errors (word substitution) often producing jargon or non sense
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hemiplegic
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person with lesion in one side of brain
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dichotic listening
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techinique that uses auditory signals to observe the behavior of the individual hemispheres of the brain
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jargon aphasia
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substitution of one sound for another
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anomia
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inability to find the word you wish to speak
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critical period
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from birth to puberty where language acquisition proceeds easily
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savant
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individual who shows extroadinary skill in one are and is deficient in others
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Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
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difficulty in acquiring language in children with no other cognitive defects
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homonyms (homophones)
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different words with the same sound. ex bear and bare
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lexicon
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Greek for dictionary. ex your mental lexicon
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orthography
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spelling
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grammatical category or syntactic class
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whether a word is a noun, verb, adjective, etc.
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content words
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nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. also known as the "open class" because we regularly add words to these categories
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function words
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represent a grammatical function. ex the, of, it, he. also called the "closed class"
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generic
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a general form. now being proposed for the the third person singular form to replace he/she
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morpheme
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the most elemental unit of grammatical form
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morphology
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the study of internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed
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free morphemes
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constitute words by themselves
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bound morphemes
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never words alone but always parts of words
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prefixes
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occur before other morphemes
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suffixes
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follow other morphemes
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infixes
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morphemes that are inserted into other morphemes
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circumfixes
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morphemes that are partially attached before and after another morpheme. known as "discontinuous morpheme"
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stem
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root morpheme combined with an affix
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monomorphemic
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word that contains only one morpheme
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morphological rules
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rules for combining morphemes to make stems and words
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derivational morphemes
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bound morphemes that create a new word when added to a root or stem
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derived word
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the form that results in the addition of a derivational morpheme
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hierarchical structure
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the order in which morphemes are added to form words
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tree diagrams
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used to represent the hierarchical organization of words
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accidental gaps
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well formed but non existing words
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productive
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type of morphological rule that can be used freely to form new words from other morphemes
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compound
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word formed by two or more words
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back-formations
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words that are accidentally derived by mistaking word endings as suffixes etc. ex enthuse from enthusiasm
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eponyms
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words derived from proper names
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blend
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word made from combining two words but not in entirety
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inflectional morphemes
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morphemes that never change the syntactic category
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