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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Articulators
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Speech organs (tongue, teeth, lips, etc.)
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Airstream (Direction)
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Which way the air is moving during articulation
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Example of inward articulation
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Clicks in African languages
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Outward Articulation
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99% of speech sounds in all the world
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Voicing
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Voiced sounds are those that utilize vibration of the vocal folds/chords
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Aspiration
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Release of air from stressed voiceless consonant, usually at beginning of a word
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Resonance
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Nasal or oral
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Place of Articulation: Bilabial
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Utilize both lips in producing sound: [m], [b], [p], [w]
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Place of Articulation: Labiodental
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Upper lip and bottom teeth: [f], [v]
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Place of Articulation: Alveolar
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The tip of the tongue presses on or behind the alveolar ridge just behind the teeth: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [r], [trill]
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Place of Articulation: Palatal
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Blade of tongue is pressed against the palate: ch, j
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Place of Articulation: Velar
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Back of the tongue contacts the velum: [k], [g]
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Place of Articulation: Uvular
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Uvula contacts velum: [R] (French pronunciation of 'r')
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Place of Articulation: Glottal
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Friction between vocal folds: [h], glottal stop
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Degree/Manner of Articulation
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Strength of articulation; Stops, fricatives, vowels
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Stops
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Air flow is fully interrupted: [p], [b], [m], [n], [t], [d], [g], [k], [ng]
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Fricatives
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Sounds produced by friction: [f], [v], [s]. [z]. [sh], [zh], [theta], [delta]
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Affricatives
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Begin as stops, end as fricatives: [ch]eese, ju[dg]e
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Parameters of articulation
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Resonance, voicing, direction, manner, place,
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Liquids
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L's and R's, L's are laterals, R's are vibrants
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Glides
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vowels that glide in or out of the stress: [j], [w]
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Vowels
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Present no obstruction to air flow, sound shaped by shape of mouth only
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Prosodic Parameters
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Length, pitch, stress
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Phonetics
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Study of minimal units that make up language
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Phonology
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Study of sounds differentiated by meaning
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Allophones
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Variants of a single phoneme, and the phoneme is used in phonemic transcription as opposed to all allophones such as in phonetics
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Phonology: Constrastive Distribution
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Can distinguish meanings; allophones of different phonemes (or just different phonemes)
Ex: [k], [g] => came, game |
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Phonology: Complementary Distribution
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Sounds pattern in predictable ways, allophones of the same phoneme
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Phonological processes
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Assimilation, Dissimilation, Segment Addition, Segment Deletion, Permutation
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Assimilation
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When a sound becomes more like a neighboring sound with respect to some phonetic property
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Dissimilation
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When two adjacent sounds become less like each other with respect to some phonetic property
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Segment Deletion
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When a sound is eliminated
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Segment Addition
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When a sound is added
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Permutation/Metathesis
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When the order of sounds is swapped in order to make pronunciation or understanding easier
Aksian, Ask, Aks |
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Dialect
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A mutually intelligible, socially determined, systematic variant of a language; dialects can be isolated geographically or socially
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Appalachian Dialect Aspects
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Metathesis, A-affixation, irregular past tense, double modal verbs, multiple negation
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African-American English
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Characteristics: Glide simplification, "eh" and [I] merge into some sound in between, deletion of liquids ([L] and [r]), consonant cluster reduction, "th (thick)" and "th (the)" become [f] and [v] (maintain voicing), use of unconjugated verm "to be" in habitual actions (he be stupid, she be cold [she is always cold])
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Protolanguage
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Hypothetical ancestral language from which subsequent languages derived (Such as German, Dutch, and English from ProtoGermanic)
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Great Vowel Shift
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Saw the movement of vowels in 8 stages resulting in the loss of phonological meaning of long vowels
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Proto-Indo-European families
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Albanian, Hellenic, Italic (Romance), Celtic, Germanic, Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Anatolian, Tocharian
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Grimm's Law Examples
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Bh -> b bhra:ta:r (Sanskrit) brat (Slovak) phra:ter (Greek) fra:ter (Latin) brother (English)
b -> p lubricous (Latin) slippery (English) p -> f pa:d- (Sanskrit) pod- (Greek) ped- (Latin) foot (English) |
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Grimm's Law
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Aspirate -> De-aspirated -> voiced stops -> voiceless stops -> fricatives
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Nostratic
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The common ancestor language to all modern languages and everything in between
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