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27 Cards in this Set
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Linguistics |
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. the latter is the former's object of study. language here is used in the generic sense : that's , the phenomenon of human language, which is shared by all humans.
Linguistics compares languages (comparative linguistics) and explore their histories in order to find universal properties of language and to account for its development and origins (historical linguistics). |
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General linguistics |
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It involves language form, language meaning, and language in context. Basically, it studies how language is formed, how it functions and how people use it. Linguistics also explores various language-related phenomena such as language variation, language acquisition, language change over time and, language storage and process in the human brain. Although some people assume that linguistics is only about the study of a particular language, this is not so. Linguistics deal with the study of particular languages, as well as the search for common properties observable in all languages or large groups of languages. |
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Theoretical linguistics vs. Applied linguistics:
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Linguisticsis the scientific study of language. Someone who engages in this study is called linguist. Linguistics can be theoretical or applied |
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I-Theoretical (general) linguistics :( Microlinguistics vs. Macrolinguistics ) |
Theoretical linguistics studies language structure (grammar), and meaning (semantics). The study of grammar covers formation and alteration of words (morphology), the rules that determine the way words combined into phrases and sentences (syntax).
Theoretical linguistics studies language and languages in order to formulate a theory of their structure and functions and without regard to any practical applications.
Theoretical linguistics can itself be subdivided we can then distinguish between microlinguistics nd macrolinguistics.
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Microlinguistics |
Microlinguistics ( Core linguistics ) : is concerned solely with the structure of language systems, without regard to the way in which languages are acquired, stored in the brain or used in various functions. It does not study the interdependence of language and culture and he's not concerned with the physiological and psychological mechanism involved in language behavior.
Fields of Microlinguistics : phonology, syntax, semantics and morphology. ( morphophonology , morphosyntax , morphosementics )
So, in Microlinguistics, a narrower view is adopted.
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Macrolinguistics |
Marcolinguistics is concerned with everything that has to do with language and languages, so different interdisciplinary areas or identified within macrolinguistics and given a distinctive name.
Fields of Macrolinguistics : pragmatics, sociolinguistics, historical linguistics, philosophy and language, ethno-linguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics , biolinguisticts , and so on.
So, in Macrolinguistics, a broader view is adopted |
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Microlinguistics vs Macrolinguistics |
In fact, the fields of macrolinguistics are included in theoretical linguistics since there is a theoretical aspect to each area of the ones mentioned before. Therefore, these fields can be studied from both a theoretical and applied point of view. |
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II- Applied linguistics : |
Applied linguistics is a branch of linguistics that focuses on practical applications of language studies. In other words, it is concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of theoretical linguistics to variety of practical tasks.
Moreover, this is a field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related problems. Thus, it helps linguists to gain insight into practical problems such as what are the best methods to teach languages or what are the existing issues in language policy formulation.
Applied linguistics covers a vast number of areas such as : bilingualism, multilingualism, discourse analysis, language pedagogy, language acquisition, language planning and policy, and translation.
Fields of Applied linguistics : education, communication, sociology, and anthropology.
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What is the Difference Between Linguistics and Applied Linguistics? |
Linguistics is the scientific study of the structure and development of language in general or of particular languages. In contrast, applied linguistics is the branch of linguistics focusing on the practical applications of language studies. So, this is the key difference between linguistics and applied linguistics. Importantly, while some branches of linguistics such as historical linguistics and comparative linguistics are more concerned with theoretical aspects of language, applied linguistics is concerned with the practical application of linguistics.Moreover, linguistics basically focuses on the scientific study of language and its structure while applied linguistics can identify, explore, and offer solutions to language-related problems. Therefore, we can consider this as the difference between linguistics and applied linguistics in terms of their function. |
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Summary – Theoretical vs Applied Linguistics |
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, its structure, and development and involves subareas such as phonology, semantics, morphology, and pragmatics. It also includes various branches, and applied linguistics is one such branch. The key difference between linguistics and applied linguistics is that former is the scientific study of the structure and development of language in general or of particular languages while latter is the branch of linguistics focusing on the practical applications of language studies.
- Applied Linguistics interact and overlap the former conserve the letter and vice versa:
• Evidence from Applied Linguistics are used to support linguistic theories ( e.g : aggramatism : it supports the linguistic claim which says that we have both lexical and functional categories )
• in addition to apply and define things of theoretical Linguistics to various practical tasks, Applied Linguistics is also concerned with developing linguistic theories ( e.g : there are many theories of a grammatism developed by Applied Linguistics in order to interpret their findings ). |
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Goals of linguistics theory according to Chomsky |
For Chomsky all the major goals of linguistics should be concerned with this object of study. These goals are the following :
• To develop an account of knowledge of language ( human language structure ) : answering the question concerning what is it that we know when we say we know our native language.
• To develop an account of language acquisition : for Chomsky humans acquired their first language largely thanks to an inborn/genetically determined language faculty which is most important in interaction with our limited linguistic environment. Among chomsky's key arguments supporting this view of language acquisition, we can mention the so-called poverty of stimulus arguments which is the observation that much of our knowledge is not directly accessible in our linguistic environment.
• To develop an account of language use : allowing us to understand how native speaker puts their unconscious and perfect knowledge of language into use in real situations and showing us how different extra linguistic factors determine this language use, be day psychological biological, social or cultural.
• to develop an account of how knowledge of language is represented in human brain : a goal which falls within the domain of neurolinguistics and neuropsychology.
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Phonetics |
Phonetics is the branch of linguistics which studies sounds in terms of their production, perception and transmission |
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Phonology |
Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies sounds in terms of their patterns and systems across languages. Put more formally, phonology is the study of the categorical organization of speech sounds in languages; how speech sounds are organized in the mind and used to convey meaning. • Distinctive features description : _ In linguistics a distinctive feature is the most basic units of phonological structure that may be analyzed in phonological theory. Distinctive features are grouped into categories according to the natural classes of segments they describe : major class features, manner features, place features, laryngeal features, prosodic features and vowel features. • Phoneme : _ Phoneing is a basic English contrastive sound in a language. For example the k sound in English is a phone name, there are many types of K's such as the palatal [k ] in a word like "cute", or the aspirated [kh] in a word like "cup" or even an aspirated [K] in word like "crowd", but we hear them all like the same [k] . So that's what we mean by a phoneme. _ The units of an abstract sound that may have different representations, but we hear it as the same thing. {It's the mental association we have for the sound} • How do we find phonemes ? _ We find phonemes using minimal pairs, that's when we find words that differ in only one sound, but they also differ in meaning. |
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Morphology |
Morphology is the branch of linguistics which studies were forms |
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Syntax |
Syntax is the branch of linguistics which studies sentence structure : how words go together to make phrases and sentences |
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Semantics |
Semantics is the branch of linguistics which studies the meanings of words and fixed combinations : how words combine to form the meanings of sentences • Why study meaning ? _ Semantics is Central to the study of communication semantics is also the center of the study of human mind . The study of meaning has been studied by a variety of disciplines. • What is meaning ? _ The noun meaning and the verb to mean, themselves, have many distinguishable meanings. An idea of the range of these meanings may be obtained from the consideration of the following sentences: -what is the meaning of the word bachelor? -Aazab means bachelor. -I did not mean to hurt you. -Life has no meaning. -What do you mean? -Dark clouds mean rain. -He never says what he means. • The three-way approach to meaning : -what is the meaning of the word bachelor?-Aazab means bachelor.-I did not mean to hurt you.-Life has no meaning.-What do you mean?-Dark clouds mean rain.-He never says what he means.• The three-way approach to meaning :_ In the first way come up word meaning is taken as the starting point in terms of which sentence meaning and communication can later be explained._ In the second, it is sentence meaning which is taken as basic, characterized in terms of the systematic contribution they make to sentence meanings. _ In the first way come up word meaning is taken as the starting point in terms of which sentence meaning and communication can later be explained. _ In the third, both sentence meanings and word meanings are explained in terms of the way in which sentences and words are used in the act of communication. |
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Discourse analysis |
Discourse analysis is the branch of linguistics which studies language units beyond the sentence level, such paragraph, essay, texts, dialogues ... etc. • What makes a discourse ? It's exists 7 criteria which has to be fulfilled to qualify either a written or spoken text : - cohesion : grammatical relationship between parts of a sentence essential for its interpretation. - coherence : the order of statements relates one another by sense. - intentionality : the message has to carry a purpose and a clear intention - acceptability : to communicative products need to be satisfactory and the audience had to approve it - informativeness : some new infos has to be included. - situationally : circumstances in which the remark is made are important. - interextuality : reference to the word outside the text or "interpreters schemata" |
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Pragmatics |
Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics which study is language use and communication or meaning in contexts |
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Historical linguistics |
Historical Linguistics is the branch of linguistics which studies the history of language including issues such as the origin of language, language development and language change. |
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Sociolinguistics |
Sociolinguistics is the branch of linguistics which studies the relation between language and society |
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Psycholinguistics |
Psycholinguistics is the branch of linguistics which studies the psychological aspects of language.
Psycholinguistics is the study of how individuals comprehend, produce and acquire language.
It deals with mental processes that are involved in language use.
The scope of psychoclinguistics :
_ this course examines the fundamental concepts of psycholinguistics, namely the production, perception and comprehension of the language. _ this course also highlights the relationship between language but and culture in the context of first language acquisition |
Ender cycle Linguistics we find the following sub branches of linguistics : cognitive linguistics, first language acquisition and second language acquisition. |
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Neurolinguistics |
Neurolinguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies the relationship between language and the brain |
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Computational linguistics |
Computational Linguistics is the branch of linguistics that study is the use of mathematics and statistics in the analysis of language and relationship between language and information technology such as using computers, internet and so on. |
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Anthropological linguistics |
Anthropological linguistics is the branch of linguistics which studies the relationship between language and culture, and how cultural aspects of people affect their language use |
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Language Culture and Thought ( Psycholinguistics ) |
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What is speech acts theory ? |
Speech act theory, Theory of meaning that holds that the meaning of linguistic expressions can be explained in terms of the rules governing their use in performing various speech acts (e.g., admonishing, asserting, commanding, exclaiming, promising, questioning, requesting, warning). |
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What is Halliday's language theory? |
Halliday argued the key to language development lay in how children attribute "meaning" to elements in their environment. In contrast to Chomsky and his followers, who advocated an inherent universal human grammar, Halliday developed a theory of language based on a system of choices. |
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