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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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phonology
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rules for combining sounds into words
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morphology
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rules by which these meaningful units combine to form words
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arbitrary
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no direct, necessary connection between signifier and the signified
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prescriptive
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Following the practice of a socially determined “standard” in constructing utterances
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Descriptive
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Following a system of (unconscious) rules in constructing utterances
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syntactically ambiguous
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more than one syntactic structure
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morpheme
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Morphemes combine together to create words, smallest unit of meaning
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Free morpheme
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a morpheme that can stand on its own
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Bound morpheme
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a morpheme that must attach to another morpheme
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simple words
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contain only one morpheme
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complex words
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contain more than one morpheme
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Affixes
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attach to roots in word-formation rules
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prefixes
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Affixes which precede the root
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suffixes
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Affixes which follow the root
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Inflectional affixes
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Only change the grammatical form of a word, creates new word forms
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Derivational affixes
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Create new words when they’re attached to roots
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free morpheme
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Roots are typically free morphemes that cannot be analyzed into smaller parts
When a root morpheme is combined with an affix it is called a stem |
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bound morpheme
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cannot stand alone
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Derivational morphemes
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may change the syntactic word class and/or the meaning of the root
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Inflectional morphemes
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never change the syntactic class of the word. Instead, they are added to complete words with tense, number or other grammatical information
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“Cranberry” morphemes, or “cran-morphs”
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roots which are always bound, and which have no intrinsic meaning
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Back formation
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removal of an (incorrectly perceived) affix to form a new word
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Circumfixation affix
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goes around the root
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Compounding
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Combination of two or more free morphemes to make a new word
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Reduplication
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repetition of all or part of the stem
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morpho-phonological alternation
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sounds are changed inside the root
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analytic languages
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mostly free morphemes
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synthetic languages
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many bound morphemes
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Agglutinating Languages
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morphemes are ‘strung together like beads
Each morpheme has specific meaninig’ |
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Fusional Languages
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stems and affixes tend to be ‘fused’ and, thus, less easily teased apart
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Polysynthetic languages
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many morphemes may be incorporated into highly complex, and often very long, words
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Clipping
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shortening of an existing word
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Blending
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melding together parts of two words
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Conversion
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usage of an existing word in a new syntactic category
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Lexical Decomposition
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words have meanings “built up” from simpler meanings (conceptual features)
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Superordinate/Hypernym
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A word with broad meaning that other words fall under
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Semantics
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Linguistic context: within the sentence or discourse
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Pragmatics
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Situational context: within a particular situation in a shared reality
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Sentence
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a string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a language
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Utterance
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the use of a sentence, in a particular context
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Which is more important for a linguist, speech or writing, and why?
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Speech
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What are the three component systems of all languages?
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Phonology
Lexicon Grammar |
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What is the linguistic relativity principle (i.e. the so-called “Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis”) and what would be an example of it?
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the structure of a language affects the ways in which its speakers conceptualize their world, i.e. their world view, or otherwise influences their cognitive processes
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Are some languages more complex than others?
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Languages differ in areas of complexity
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What is the most difficult language to learn?
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There is no "most difficult" language. Difficulty is directly corelated to what the learner has already been exposed to.
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Glottogenesis
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The time frame where two dialects of a language are beginning to become mutually unintelligible
language “birth” or formation |
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Dialectalization
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The process of a language splitting into different dialects
dialect formation |
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How are language families formed?
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Languages come from languages.
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Dialects
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.mutually intelligible varieties of a single language
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isoglosses
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ines on a map which represent the dialectal divides between the domain of one word, form or pronunciation and that of another
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isogloss bundles
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.Many isoglosses in an area in roughly the same pace. May indicate dialects
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dialect continua
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dialect versus language
(linguistic and social) |
L-mutually unintelligible speech varieties
D-mutually intelligible varieties of a single language |
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What is a language isolate?
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Languages that seem to have no existing family ties to other languages.
(e.g. Basque, Ket, Burushaski) |
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What is the difference between phonetic transcription and ordinary writing?
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Phonetic transcription uses universal symbols that represents sounds.
Orthography uses language symbols |
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Why do linguists not use ordinary English spelling when attempting to transcribe language sounds and words?
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-There are not enough letters to cover all possible sounds
-letters often have different sounds associated with them |
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Adpositions (prepositions, postpositions) versus case affixes for expressing spatial concepts
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what are the three most common word order types?
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(SOV, SVO, VSO)
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What word order types are only very, very rarely found as the basic order in a language?
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(the orders like OVS with the object before the subject)
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What is “free” word order and what is a language that exhibits it? How can such a language indicate subject and object?
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Any word can be placed in any order in a phrase and the meaning is still intelligible
Latin |
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How many languages are spoken in the world today?
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5,000-7,000 ~6,000
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What are the five world languages with the most speakers?
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Chinese languages, English, Spanish, Hindi, Arabic
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Name the three major language families of Europe and Eurasia?
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Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic
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Name one language from each of the ten branches of Indo-European
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Celtic-Scots, Irish, Welsh
Italic- Italian Spanish Portuguese Germanic-English, German, Dutch Balto-Slavic-Lithuanian, Russian, Polish Albanian Greek Armenian Anatolian-Hitite Indo-Iranian- Persian, Hindi, Bengali Tocharian |
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Name one Uralic language
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Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian
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Name one Altaic language
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Turkish, Mongolian.
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Name any three non-Indo-European language families
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Uralic- Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic
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Name any three non-Indo-European languages
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Dravidian, Munda, Mon-Khmer
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To which subfamily of Indo-European does English belong?
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Proto-Germanic
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What basic word order type do we find in Indo-European and Uralic?
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SVO
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What basic word order type do we find in Altaic, Japanese, and Korean?
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SOV
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Which morphological type is typical of Indo-European?
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Inflectional
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What interesting phonological characteristic do we find in Uralic and Altaic?
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Vowel Harmony
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Which morphological type is typical of Altaic and Uralic?
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Agglutinative
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What phonological characteristic is noteworthy of Northwest Caucasian languages like Abkhaz and Ubykh?
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complex system of consonants
(80 in Ubykh, 69 in Byzb dialect f Abkhaz) |
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What morphological feature stands out in Northeast Caucasian languages like Lezgian?
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agglutinaing/ ergative
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name the two major families of South Asia
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Indo-Iranian subfamily of Indo-European and the Dravidian family
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Name one Indo-Iranian language
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Hindi, Farsi, Pashto
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Name one Dravidian language
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Tamil, Kannada, Telugu
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What is the the importance of Sanskrit in India?
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It is the Latin of India
parent of Indic family languages L of oldest texts (Vedas) L of classical literature Important source of borrowing throughout South and SouthEast Asia |
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What is a standout feature of the phonologies of South Asian languages, both Indo-Iranian and Dravidian?
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retroflex consonants- curl back of the tongue
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What basic word order type and morphological type are typical of Dravidian?
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SOV agglutinating
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Name the three major language families of Southeast Asia
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Mon-Khmer, Tai-Kadai, Sino-Tibetan
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Name one language from each of the three major language families of Southeast Asia
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Tibeto-Burman-Tibetan, Burmese, Sherpa
Mon-Khmer-Vietnamese, Khmer/Cambodian Tai-kadai-Thai, Lao Mong-Mien Turkik/Mongolic/Tungusic Tibetan South Sinitic branch of Sino-Tibetan- Chinese |
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What are the two branches of Sino-Tibetan?
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Sinitic
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The eight Chinese “dialects” make up most of the Sinitic branch of Sino-Tibetan. Comment on calling these language varieties “dialects”.
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..
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typical structural characteristics of Southeast Asian languages
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(SVO word order, isolating morphological type, tones, noun classifiers)
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What is the genetic relationship of Japanese and Korean to the other languages of Southeast Asia?
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.They do not share the similarities that Southeast Asia
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Are Japanese and Korean structurally typical South East Asian languages?
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