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217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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We think of ourselves as combination of
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body and spirit
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Differences in bodily features are called
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quantitative
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Human minds are ______ different from animal's minds
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qualitatively
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Mind
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sum total of (electro-chemical) brain processes that:
1) make up our feelings, beliefs, emotions, thoughts, dreams, memories, language, knowledge of facts, of proper behavior, etc. 2) control our perceptual systems, blood circulations, digestive system etc |
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Some say our mind is
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a collection of stored information and information processing
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Oldest philosophical question
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how do we come to know what we know?
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Nature
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knowldge we are born with
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Nurture
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knowledge we gain from experience
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Language use
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(production and perception of utterances)
-behavior that is based on knowledge that forms a module of our mind |
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"Most of language is innate"
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Noam Chomsky's 'The Innateness Hypothesis'
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Genetically determined learnign mechanism that is specific for learning language
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Language Acquisition Device (LAD) or Universal Grammar (UG)
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Animal
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Any member of the kingdom Animalia, comprising multicellular organisms that have a well-defined shape and usually limited growth, can move voluntarily, actively acquire food and digest it internally, and have sensory and nervous systems that allow them to respond rapidly to stimuli.
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Beliefs
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claims taken at faith
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Mental Grammar
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The generative grammar stored in the brain that allows a speaker to produce language that other speakers can understand.
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knowledge
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information people know they know or are not aware they know
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tacit knowledge
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knowledge we are not aware of
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learning
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knowledge with exposure
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Empiricists
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knowledge based on experience
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Rationalist
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knowledge is innate
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priori knowledge
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innate knowledge
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instinctual knowledge
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instinct
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genes
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biological makeup
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epistemology
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branch of philosophy asking 'how do we know what we know'
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Chomsky is a
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Rationalist
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Language Faculty
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innate capacity
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behaviorism
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a view that “conspires” with empiricism in believing that all knowledge is due to “conditioning” that can be explained as fairly automatic responses to external stimuli.
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learning
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that is, the gathering of knowledge that is based on experience or example and instruction
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Piaget was an
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empiricists
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epigenetic
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Properties that are not simply determined in the genetic “blueprint” but instead heavily depend on environmental conditions
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preformation
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The idea that an organism is completely mapped out in the genes
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epigenesis
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the idea that the organism develops from initially undifferentiated cells under the influence of environmental conditions
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sensory data
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starting point of much information processing
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knowledge of language
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mental grammar
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Phonemes
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the sounds of languages
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Phonology
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study of the sounds of language
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English phonemes
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24 consonants, 14 vowels
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syllable
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combinations of consonants and vowels are permitted in a given language
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word
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any combination of wellformed syllables
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phonotactic structure
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the rules that specify phonemes' combinations into syllables and of syllables into words
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phonological analysis
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Discovering what the phonotactic structure is of a language
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morpheme
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Any meaningful unit that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts
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free morphemes
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morphemes that are words by themselves (cat)
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bound morphemes
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morphemes that are not words by themselves (un-, -th)
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affix
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technical term for bound morphemes:
morphemes that are not words by themselves (un-, -th) |
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base
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affixes attach to them
-must be free morphemes |
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complex words
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more than one morpheme (child-hood)
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simple words
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one morpheme (cat)
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word formation
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procedure according to which complex words can be formed by combining morphemes
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morphology
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procedure according to which complex words can be formed by combining morphemes
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derivation
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attached affixes (un-)
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compounding
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combining two independently occurring words (as in table and cloth)
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sociobiology
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know how to behave socially, not because they learn it, but because they follow their instincts
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modularity
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brain has different parts dedicated to different functions
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environmental determinism
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the idea that all behavior is fully determined by the environmental stimuli
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genetic determinism
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all human behavior is driven by genes
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heritability factor
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the role that inherited information (encoded in the genes) plays in the development of a phenotype
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semiotics
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the study of sign systems
ie. • Traffic signs • Stands for something, has a rule • Morse code • Writing systems |
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sign
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any package of FORM and MEANING
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form
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what can be produced and perceived
ie. words in human language |
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meaning
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whatever the form 'stands for' or 'refers to'
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message
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fixed inventory of signs on their own
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simple signs
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words
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complex signs
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sentences
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neuroscience
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brain mapping
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linguistics
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guided production of utterances
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Plato's question
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how do people know so much with little or no experience?
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epistemology
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a branch of philosophy
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Plato was a
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rationalist
'all ideas are innate' |
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Aristotle was a
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empiricist
'all ideas come from experience' |
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Aristotle's general learning mechanism
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Associationism
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Aristotle's Four laws of Association
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Law of: 1) contiguity, 2) frequency, 3) similarity, 4) contrast
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The Law of Contiguity
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Things/events that occur togethe rin time or space are linked in the mind
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The Law of Frequency
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The linkage will be strong if things/events occur together very often
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The Law of Similarity
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things/events that are similar tend to be linked
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The Law of Contrast
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things/events that are opposites tend to be linked
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Modern forms of empiricism
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1) Hypothesis testing
2) Connectionism 3) Statistical learning 4) Exemplar learning |
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The mind/body problem
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- What is this thing we call “mind” and how does it relate to the body
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The problem of perception
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- If I see a mountain, how do I know there actually is one
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The other mind problem
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- Although we know the content of our own mind (at least the conscious part of it), can we know what is going on the mind of others
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The problem of animal minds
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- Do other organisms than humans have minds too
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The problem of mental causation
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- How can mental phenomena (thoughts, etc.) cause things to happen in the world and vice versa
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The problem of intentionality
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- How is it that we feel that mental phenomena, or at least many of them, are about things in the world
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The problem of free will
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- What does it mean to say that one has free
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The problem of self and personal identity
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- What does it mean to say that I am the same person as I was 20 years ago, whereas very few cells that make up my body now are the same ones that made up my body then
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Aristotle thought mind was located in the
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heart
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Rene Descartes
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Rationalist, knowledge innate
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John Locke
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`Empiricist (knowledge from experience)
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Cartesian interactionism
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something you see (something material) might arouse your anger (a state of the mind) which in turn might make you do something (material)
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monism
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the belief that there is only one type of substance that has only one type of properties. Monism comes in two varieties, resulting from either reducing everything to mental things (idealism) or reducing everything to material things (materialism).
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mind-body dualism
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the idea that humans consist of two fundamentally different things: bodies and minds.
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"The mind is modular" means
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that it contains many different subsystems, called mental modules
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In Mind-Body Dualism, the Body is
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res extensa
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In Mind-Body Dualism, the Mind is
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res cogitans
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Idealism
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there is only mind
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Materialism
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there is only matter
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A central nothin in Cognitive Science
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The Tri-level Hypothesis
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The Tri-level Hypothesis
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-We can study any cognitive module at three levels of abstraction:
1) the computational level 2) the algorithmic level 3) the implementational level |
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The Computational Level
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problem analysis – state problem you want to investigate (ex: how do children acquire language given the input that they get)
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The Algorithmic Level
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how does machinery function and work; the mental grammar that sits between the input and the output. (programming of language)
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The Implementational Level
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a specification of the machine that the programs run on (...the brain)
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The Classical Approach
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Serialism (Chomsky)
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The Connectionist Approach
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Parallelism
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Early modularity
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Phrenology. or Bumpology
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Franz Joseph Gall was behind
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Phrenology
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Phrenology
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personality traits can be determined by shape of skull
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Modest modularity
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Jerry Fodor
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Jerry Fodor's criteria for Modules
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1) Domain-specificity: for specific task
2) Mandatory: automatic, cannot block it 3) Informational encapsulation: no information exchange between modules 4) Subconscious: we're not aware of them or how they work 5) Shallow: we only know their output, their result 6) Speed: they work fast |
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Criteria for Modules
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1) innateness
2) separate breakdown (dissociation) 3) neural architectite (localization) 4) adaptive |
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Swiss Army Knife
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a tool with specialized parts to perform specific functions
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neuropsychology
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the study of cognitive disorders due to brain defects
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behaviorism
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to psychology, study what you see, how we act
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physicalism
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the mind is what the brain does, denial of the mind, focus on that piece of machine
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Functionalism
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• We need to focus on the function of the various parts of the mind; studying the actual brain processes is not going to tell us much
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Jerry Fodor was a
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functionalist
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Watson was a ___ and his experiment was:
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behaviorist; dog drooling for bell
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Skinny was a ___ and his experiment was:
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behaviorist; pigeon learned words to behave for food
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Phonology
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the grammar of speech sounds (knight, night)
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Morphology
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the internal structure of words (anti-dis-estblish-ment-arian-ism)
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Syntax
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the study of how words are arranged into sentences (I like dogs vs. dogs like I)
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Lexicon
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the inventory of words in a language (telephone = picture of phone, etc)
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Phoneme (as a building block)
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Minimal unit of sound contrast in that it helps tell a word from another by changing just one sound.
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minimal pairs
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words that differ from each other in terms of just one phoneme. If one sound makes all the difference, then that sound is certainly a phoneme of the language (ie pet and bet, p and b)
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allophone
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a contextual variant of a phoneme by virtue of phonological adjustment rules in different phonological environments, ie the different ways you pronounce phonemes depending on their neighbors
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assimulate
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become similar to
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voicing
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vibration of the vocal folds (larynx)
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voiced sounds
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vibration
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voiceless sound
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no vibration
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simple words
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their meanings are not derived from the meanings of their parts
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complex words
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they are made up of at least two morphemes, each of which has a separate meaning
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morpheme
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the smallest meaningful unit of grammar; the minimal unit of sound-meaning correspondence
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Module as Domain-specificity
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A module has a specific task for which it is specialized. It deals with a specific type of information only.
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Module as Mandatory
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The workings of the module are reflexive. You have no control over them.
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Module as Informational encapsulation
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The information in, and the working of a module, do not interfere with things happening in other modules or in your conscious thought.
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Module as Subconscious
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cannot reflect on what is going on in a module.
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Module as Access to Output Representations only
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The output of modules is given as is. There is no information in the representation itself about the input or about the computational processes that led to the output.
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Module as Speed
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Modules are extremely fast. Consider how fast you understand sentences that are spoken to you.
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Modules as Innateness
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Modules are innate. Learning is unnecessary or minimal, and development, if any, in the organism’s mind (human or animal) proceeds in fixed stages; that is, there are maturational effects.
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Modules as Separate Breakdown
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People can have defects in one module, leaving the other modules intact or they can have general defects in all modules, except one.
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Modules with Fixed Neural Architecture
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We expect modules to correspond to fixed regions in the brain.
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Modules with Adaptive Value
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A module has evolved in the species because it gives (or at some prior point in time, gave) the species an adaptive advantage; that is, the module played a crucial role in the survival chances of members of the species.
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Lexicon
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the component of the grammar that contains the inventory of words (and affixes) of a language
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idioms
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fixed expressions
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lexical entries
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as units in a lexicon
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words need three pieces of information:
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the pronunciation (phonemes), one or more meanings, and a category label.
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phonetic symbols
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system of symbols is used that look like letters
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accent
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an indication of which syllable must be pronounced with more force
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syntax
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a system of rules that regulates how sentences can be made
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phrase
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a combination of words that go together
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phrase structure rule
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The rules for combining words into phrases and sentences
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inflection
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affixes that tell you who is the subject and who is the object
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paradigm
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A set of inflectional forms for any given base word
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Paradigms for English
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singular and plural
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language
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a marriage between meaning and sound
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grammar
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mechanism that makes language work
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organization of grammar
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a stock of words and rules to combine words into sentences
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concepts
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what a word means
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phonemes
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how to pronounce
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category labels
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combine words with other words
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linguistics
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a branch of semiotics
-the study of sign systems |
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word
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package of form and meaning
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example of three dimensions of a word
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form (phonotactics) /dog/
category label (categorics) noun meaning (semantics) DOG |
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morpheme
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cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts except phonemes
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free morpheme
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units that cannot be divided into smaller meaninful parts
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bound morpheme
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'word pieces'
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mental grammar
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a stock of morphemes and rules to form words and sentences
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construction
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building structures
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inspection
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checking that each structure is wellformed
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Merge
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the structure building mechanism of grammar
-or COMBINE -building BINARY structures |
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phonotactics
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study of phonemes and how they combine to form forms
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semantics
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study of concepts and how they combine to form meanings
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categorics
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study of word class labels and how they combine to form category structures
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when combining A and B, you make a
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tree diagram
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terminal nodes
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also are called daughters- the things that you combine
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top node
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also called the mother – the unit that is formed
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Hierarchiacal structure
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• A combination can be combined with another simplex unit, or with a complex unit
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primitive units (P)
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morphemes and words respectively
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complex units (C)
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words and sentence respectively
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hierarchical structures is also called a
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tree
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constraint
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a grammatical statement that forbids a particular configuration
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structure
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some kind of organization consisting of units (things, events, people, dates, whatever) of some sort (building blocks, ultimate constituents, primitives) that are grouped into a larger unit
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phonology
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the study of the form of linguistic expressions (words, sentences)
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phonotactics
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a system of constraints that specifies which combinations of phonemes are wellformed
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how many different languages are there?
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7,000
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the phoneme system
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every language has a specific inventory of consonants and vowels
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the phoneme system in English
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• The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
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two types of non-existing words
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possible (BLICK) and impossible (BNIK)
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domain of phonotactic constraints
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syllable
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Phonemes are composed of smaller units called _____ which are the smallest building blocks of the phonology
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elements
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Lazy Bastard Principle
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• Our articulators (like their owners) like to ‘cut corners’. aka assimulation
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allomorphy
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the phenomenon that a morpheme has several manifestations as a result of phonemic repair rules
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-the phonology supplies repair rules to fix a problem by
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changing one phoneme into another phoneme
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phonemes are like
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chameleons (adapt to their environment)
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two types of repair:
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major (allomorphic repair)
minor (allophonic repair) |
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word games
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games which involve the formation of secret languages by changing the order of phonemes or inserting phoneme chunks at specific location in the string.
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HEAD
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the daughter that projects her category
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Right-Hand Head Rule
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in English. head is always on right.
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derivation
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combining word and affix
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compounding
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combining words
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recursive structure
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a structure of type A inside a structure of type A
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roots
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bases that cannot occur alone
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Lexicon
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place in grammar where we store things
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Iconicity
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a relationship of 'resemblance' between form and meaning
-typically such onomatopoeic words have a form that resembles a sound that is associated with the meaning of the morpheme ie buzz, click |
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idioms
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fixed expressions
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blending
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combining parts of words
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Semantic Way of getting new words
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using an existing word with a specific meaning: browse
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The Categorical Way of getting new words
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to bottle the wine... use a noun as a verb
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syntax
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merging words into phrases, and words and phrases into larger phrases until you get sentences
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basic building blocks of sentences
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words
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specifiers
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in english, before the head
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complements
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after the head
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complex rule
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x1 => x0 y2
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specifier rule
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x2 => yn x1
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recursive
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phrase is of the same type as the phrase that contains it
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inflection
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words have to be adapted to their environment
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transformation
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words sometimes have to be displaced
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two types of repair
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inflection and transformation
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inflectional morphemes
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these morphemes must be attached because the context of a word requires their presence
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