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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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articulatory phonetics
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study of how speech sounds are produced
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IPA
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way to transcribe language; one symbol per sound
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consonants
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generated by putting obstruction in oral tract so sound going through it is perturbed; air from lungs has two roots: oral and nasal; three aspects of consonants: place, manner, and voicing
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place of articulation
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location where airflow is impeded; bilabial, labio-dental, interdental, alveolar, alveo-palatal, palatal, velar, glottal
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manner of articulation
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how the airflow is disrupted; stop, fricative, affricate, nasal, approximants, lateral approximants, taps/flaps
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stops
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complete, momentary stopping of the airflow from the lungs; [p, b, t, d, k, g]
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fricatives
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airflow is severely restricted or otherwise occluded, causing continuous stream of turbulence; [f, v, s, z, h]
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nasals
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technically could be called nasal stops; consonant produced by airflow bypassing the oral cavity and going through the nose [m, n]
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approximants
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airflow is just barely impeded, making them sound like short vowels; [w, j]
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lateral approximants
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airflow goes around the tongue instead of over it; [l]
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voiced consonants
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vocal folds are close together; air passes b/t them and causes vibration
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vowels
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unobstructed airflow, voiced, formed by moving tongue and jaw; four dimensions: height, color (front/back), tenseness, roundedness
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dipthong
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combination of two vowels that only takes up time of one; [ai, ao; oi]
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natural class
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set of speech sounds that all share at least one phonetic feature
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obstruent
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cover term for stops, fricatives, and affricatives - the three classes of consonant sounds that impede or obstruct airflow by constricting vocal passage
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sonorant
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class of consonant sounds comprising nasals and liquids
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sibilant
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member of a set of fricative sounds made by passing continuous stream of air through narrowed passage in the vocal tract, thereby causing hissing, such as that created b/t the blade of the tongue and the back of the alveolar ridge in the production of [s]
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phoneme
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smallest linguistic unit that distinguishes meaning
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allophone
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different pronunciations of a phoneme in different environments
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minimal pair
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two words with all sounds the same except one
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contrastive distribution
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different phonemes; minimal pair w/ meaning difference
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complementary distribution
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allophones of the same phoneme; occur in different environments
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free variation
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allophones of the same phoneme; minimal pair w/o meaning difference
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assimilation
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process by which a sound becomes similar to a neighboring sound; 3 types: voicing, place, and manner
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dissimilation
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process by which two nearby sounds become less alike w/ respect to some feature
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deletion
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process by which sound is no longer realized
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insertion
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process by which sound is produced that is not part of the phonemic representation
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metathesis
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process by which sound is pronounced at different position than usual
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dimensions of language variation
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vocabulary, morphology, syntax, phonology
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