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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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dialect |
a language variety spoken by a particular group of people; it includes all aspects of linguisitc system (sounds, vocabulary, syntax) |
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regional dialects |
tendency for a speaker to make some of the same linguistic choices as the other people from the same location; people from the same region tend to speak more like each other than people from other regions; a generalization rather than a set of rules |
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New York Accent |
non-rhotic; post-vocalic r-dropping |
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Northern Cities Vowel Shift |
affects low vowels; all /a/s move forward |
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dipthongization |
monopthongal vowel decome dipthongs |
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Southern English |
dipthongization; often dsribed as a Sourthern "drawl" or "twang" monopthongization vowel megers |
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monophtongization |
dipthongs are losing their second vowel and becoming elongated |
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Divergence in US Language |
regional dialects continuously rebuild themselves but still maintain geographic patterns local accents of major US cities are still more different than ever before |
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Convergenge in US Language |
standarized education (and technology) has contributed to something closer to a uniform national dialect for the well-educated |
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synchronic variation |
language variation at a single moment in time |
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diachronic variation |
language variation across two points in time |
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language change |
can occur through social or geographical isolation, or language contact and even 'just because;" nothing is forever and variation, reshaping is a fundamental aspect of almost everything |
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attitudes about language change |
change is natural and atelic; people always have strong attitudes about language change; change does not imply less complex or wrong |
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language relatedness |
dialects may diverge to the point that they become different languages; results in languages with a common 'ancestor' languages 'evolve' and may be 'genetically' related to each other |
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establishing relatedness |
using comparisons of cognates and general structual pattern, related languages may be established |
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protolanguage |
related languages' common ancestor |
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sound change |
phonetic change only affects the pronunciation of phonemes in a language; on the other hand, phonological change affects the distribution of allophones and phonemes;phonological change can also result in the addition or loss of phonemes in a language |
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regularity of sound change |
phonoloical changes in languages are almost always regular; if a phoneme undergoes a change, it usually does so in all the words in the lexicon |
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comparative method |
finds sound corespondences within a language family |
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unconditioned sound change |
regular sound change that happened in every environemnt in the language; the sound change occurs in all environments |
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conditioned sound change |
sound change that happened inly in a specific environment |
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morphological changes |
refer to changes in the morphology of a language; it does not necessarily occur across the whole system |
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analogy |
one of the most powerful forces in morphological change; irregular / uncommon forms are made more similar to more common forms; can also be driven by phonological similarity |
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semantic change |
intimately tied to usage; a common shange is extension: going from the specific to the general ie: coke, scrooge |
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semantic narrowing |
a general term becomes more specific ie: worm = bug |
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grammaticalization |
a lexical item with independent meaning develops inti an auxiliary verb, or developed into a grammatical marker (tense marker, aspectual marker) |
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language contact |
the contact of two or more languages in a society; can be through social contact by different groups of speakers |
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lexical borrowing |
borrowing of words (most common) |
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structural borrowing |
borrowing of morphology, phonology, syntactical |
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lexical borrowing |
borrowed words; languages tend to borrow words for new concepts, usually imported from the language contributing the new word |
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phonological borrowing |
loanwords are typically adpated to the phonolgy of the borrowing langauge; sometimes the borrowing language will add new sounds to its inventory along with the borrowed words |
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loanwords |
borrowed words |
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bilingualism |
results from prolonged intense contact; helps with structural borrowings |
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adstratal languages |
when two languages have equal prestige |
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superstratum langauge |
language with the higher presitge |
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substratum language |
language of the less dominant group |
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Adstratal Situation Borrowing |
borrowing is bidirectional in langauges in this situation |
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Borrowing in different prestiges |
borrowing flows from the superstratum language to the substratum language |
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convergence |
when two language take on the characteristic of each other and become more similar |
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language shift |
when one langauge moves towards the characteristics of another (common when there is a sub/ superstratum relationship); can result in language death |
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pidgin languages |
when groups of people who speak different languages need to communicate, a pidgin can be established; have simipler grammar, rules, and phonological structure; lack affixes, frequently lack inflectional variation; SVO; restricted vocabularies; make up for the lack of lexicon with more compound words |
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Creole languages |
arise when children are born into pidgin languages; chilidren nativize the langauge and impose a greater degree of order and structure on the language |
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code switching |
the use of two or more languages in the same utterance; follows predictable patterns in when and how speakers can combine elements from the two languages |
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diglossia |
when speakers use different languages in different social settings; (one spoken at home, another at school or work) |
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clinical linguistics |
the application of linguistics to study all types of language atypically in individuals |
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Broca's aphasia |
person has difficulty producing words but can understand their meaning |
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Wernicke's aphasia |
person has difficulty understanding words but can produce strings of words with little effort |
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nature of language in the mind |
production and comprehension of speech are dissociative and controlled by different areas of the brain |
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tip of the tongue state |
access of meaing but not form of a word; the feeling you know a word, but you can't say it |
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What does TOT tells us about grammar? |
independent levels of meaning and sound |
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speech language pathology |
training in assessment and treating communication disorders in adults and children |
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clinical psychology or neurology |
training in studying the relationship between language and the brain |
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educational application |
studying linguisitics can help in a career teaching English or another second language; teach, test assessment; educational policy |
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descritpive rules |
describing how people use languages |
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prescriptive rules |
telling people how they should or ought to use language |
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computational applications to understand language |
linguists look at natural language data and develop theires about the structure of grammar; we can create a program or model that has aspects of that proposed structure; pretend computer is child; |
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computational linguists in industry |
involved in speech recognition, text-to-speech, AI, natural language processing, computer-mediated learning etc. |
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computational linguistics |
the attempt to describe the linguistic pairing of sound and meaning explicitly enough for a computer to carry it out |
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things can fdo with program |
generate language (pairings), recognize language (accept/ reject pairings), model the speaking modality of language (find synonyms), model the listening modality of language (find homonyms), parse sounds, parse meanings |
