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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Development |
Pattern of change that begins at conception and continues throughout life. |
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Life Span perspective |
Development is lifelong, multidimentional, directional, disciplinary, plastic and contextual: Involves growth, maintenance and regulation. Constructed through biological, sociocultural and individual factors. |
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Development is lifelong
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No age period dominates development.
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Development is multidimentional
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Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions.
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Development is multidirectional
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When dimension or components of a dimension expand and others shrink.
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Development is plastic
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The capacity to change.
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Development is contextual
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All development occurs within a contest or setting. Context exert three types of influence normative age-graded influences, normative history graded influences and non-normative or highly individualized life events. Individuals are changing beings in a changing world.
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normative age graded influences |
Influences similar for individuals in particular age group.
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Normative history graded influences |
Influences common to people of particular generation due to historical circumstances.
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Non-normative life event |
Unusual occurrences that have major impact on an individuals life. |
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Culture
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Behavior patterns, beliefs and all other products of a group that are passed on from one generation to the next.
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Cross-cultural studies
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Allows comparison of one culture with another. Provides info about development similarity or universal across cultures and to what degree things are culture specific.
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Ethnicity
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Characteristics based on cultural heritage, nationality. Characterized by race, religion and language. |
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Socioeconomic status |
Grouping of people with similar occupational, educational and economic status.
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Gender
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Characteristics of people as males or females. |
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Biological Processes |
Produce changes in individuals physical nature.
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Cognitive processes
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Changes in thought, intelligence and language.
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socioeconomic process
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Changes in individuals relationships with others people, changes in emotion and personality. |
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Developmental cognitive neuroscience
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Explores links between development, cognitive processes and the brain.
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Developmental social neuroscience
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Examines connections between socio-emotional processes, development and the brain.
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Developmental periods
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Time frame in persons life that is characterized by certain features. 8 periods of development. Prenatal, Infancy, Early childhood, Middle and Late childhood, Adolescence, Early adulthood, Middle adulthood, Late adulthood.
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Prenatal period
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From conception-Birth. Characterized by tremendous growth. |
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Infancy period
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From birth-24mths. Extreme dependence on adults. Many psychological activities are just beginning to develop. Language, thoughts etc.
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Early childhood
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From 24mts-6yrs old. Preschool years. Learn to be more self-sufficient and care for others.
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Middle and Late childhood
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6-11yrs old. Reading, writing, math skills mastered. Self-control increases.
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Adolescence
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10-21yrs old. Rapid physical change. Development of independence and identity are prominent. Thoughts more logical, abstract and idealistic. More time spent outside the family.
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Early adulthood
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Early 20-early 30yrs old. Establish personal and economic independence, career development and starting a family.
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Middle adulthood
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40-60yrs old. Expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility. Assist next generation.
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Late adulthood
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60-70 until death. Life review, retirement and adjustment to new social roles. Longest life span.
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Nature-Nurture issue |
Debate if development is influenced by nature or nurture. Nature (genes), Nurture (environment)
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Stability change issue
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The degree to which we become older renditions of our early experience (stability) or if we develop into someone different from who we were at an earlier point in development (change) |
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Continuity-discontinuity issue |
Focus on degree to which development is either gradual, cumulative (Continuity) or distinct (discontinuity)
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Scientific method
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A systematic approach to obtain accurate info.
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Theories
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Broad explanations with predictions. |
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Hypothesis
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Allows theories to be tested.
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Psychoanalytic theories
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Sigmund Freud. Describe development as primarily unconscious and heavy colored by emotion. Stress that early experiences with parents extensively shape development. |
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8 stages of development
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Erik Erikson. Psychosocial stages. Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. shame, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. identity confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, Generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair.
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Trust vs. mistrust
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1st psychosocial stage. Happens in 1yr of life. Trust in infancy sets the stage for lifelong expectations that the world will be good and pleasant.
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Autonomy vs. shame
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2nd psychosocial stage. 1-3yrs old. after gaining trust, infants begin to discover their behavior is their own. Begin to assert sense of independence (autonomy). Realize their will. If child is restrained or punished to harshly, likely to develop sense of shame and doubt.
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Initiative vs. guilt
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3rd psychosocial stage. Occurs during preschool yrs. Encounter widening social world, face new challenges that require active, purposeful, responsible behavior. Feelings of guilt may arise if the child is irresponsible and is made to fell to anxious.
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Industry vs. inferiority |
4th psychosocial stage. Occurs in elementary yrs. Children need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills. Negative outcome child may develop sense of inferiority (incompetent, unproductive) |
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Identity vs. Identity confusion
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Occurs in adolescense
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Sigmund Freud
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Father of Psychoanalytic theory. The unconscious dominates. Invented Psychosexual stages. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
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