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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Correlation Research
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The strengths of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics; provides information that will help predict how people will behave.
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Correlation Coefficient
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Number based on the statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables.
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Theory
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An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that help to explain and make predictions.
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Culture
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The behaviour patters, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation.
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Stability-change issue
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Involves the degree to which we become older renditions of our early experiences or wether we develop into someone different from whom we were at the earlier point in development.
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Continuity-Discontinuity issue
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Focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages.
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Paul Baltes
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The life-span perspective views development as life long, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary and contextual.
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Marian Wright Edelman
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Children's right advocate who; using statistics, indicated that the US was at or near the lowest rank for industrialized nations in the treatment of children.
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Context
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The settings, influenced by historical, political, economic, social and cultural factors, in which development occurs.
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Neugarten
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In the US society, chronological as is irrelevant.
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Robert Siegler
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An important aspect of development is learning good strategies for processing information. |
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B.F. Skinner
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Rewards and punishments shape individuals' development.
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Albert Bandura
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Behaviour, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development.
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Konrad Lorenz
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Behaviour is strongly influenced by biology. It is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.
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John Bowlby
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Attachement to caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences through out the life-span.
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Urie Bronfenbrenner
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Development reflects the influence of 5 environmental systems.
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Parke and Buriel
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Research on ethnic minority children and their families has not been given adequate attention.
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Vygotky's Theory
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A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.
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accommodation
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In Piaget's theory, individuals adjust to new information.
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assimilation
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In Piaget's theory, individuals incorporate new information into their existing knowledge.
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Piaget's Theory
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Children actively construct their understanding of the world in 4 stages.
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Cognitive Theories
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Emphasizes conscious thoughts.
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Critical period
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A period of time in each of Freud's psychosexual stages during which an individual resolves conflicts between sources of pleasure and the demands of reality. |
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Erik Erikson's Theory
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Humans develop in 8 psychosocial stages.
Each stag consists of unique developmental task that confronts individuals with the crisis that must be faced. |
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Sigmund Frued
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There are 5 stages of psychosexual development.
Oran, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. |
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Psychoanalytic Theory
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Describes development as primarily unconscious and heavily coloured by emotions.
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id
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According to Freud, the element of personality consisting of instances, which are an individuals reservoir of psychic energy.
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ego
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According to Freud, the "executive branch" of the psyche, used for reasoning and deception making.
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superego
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According to Freud, the "moral branch" of the personality, which takes into account whether something is right or wrong.
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plasticity
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The capacity for change.
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Life expectancy
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The average age a child is born in a given year can expect to live to, based on specific mortality rates calculated for a given year.
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Biological processes
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Changes in an individuals physical nature.
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Cognitive processes
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Changes in the individuals thought intelligence, and language.
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Socio-emotional process
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Changes in an individuals relationship with other people, emotions and personality
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Chronological age
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The number of years that has elapsed since a persons birth; what is usually meant by 'age".
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Biological age
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A persons age based on biological health.
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Mental age
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An individuals ability to solve problems on a diagnostic instrument related to others of the same chronological age.
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Psychological age
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And individuals adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age.
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Social age
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Social roles and expectations related to a person age.
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Cross-culture studies
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Comparison of one culture with one of more other cultures.
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Ethnicity
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Characteristics based on cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion and language.
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race
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A clarification of people according to real or imagined biological characteristics, such as skin colour and blood group.
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gender
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Characteristics of people as males or females.
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Social policy
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A government's course of action, designed to promote the welfare of its citizens.
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Generation inequity
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An aging society's unfairness to its young members due to older adults piling up advantages by receiving inequitably large allocations of resources.
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Hypotheses
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Specific assumption and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy.
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Observation
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A systematic and scientific inquiry into behaviour that may be conducted in a natural environment or a laboratory setting.
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Laboratory
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A controlled setting in which many of the complex factors of "the real world" are absent.
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Naturalistic observation
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Observation of behaviour in a real world setting.
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Standardized test
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Has uniform procedures from administration to scoring.
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Case study
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In-depth look at a single individual
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Descriptive research
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Aims to observe and record behaviour.
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Experiment
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Carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behaviour being studied are manipulated while all the factors are held constand.
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Cross-sectional approach
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Research strategy in which individuals or different ages are compared at one time.
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Longitudinal approach
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Research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.
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Sequential approach
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A combined cross-sectional, longitudinal approach.
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COHORT effects
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Effects due to a person's time or birth, era, or generation but not to actual age.
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Ethnic gloss
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Using an ethnic label, such as Aboriginal or French Canadian in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous that it really is.
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Socioeconomic status (SES)
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Refers to the grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
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Development
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A pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues throughout the life span
Most development involves growth, although it includes decline brought on by aging, ending with death. |
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Normative age-graded
influences |
Influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group.
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Nature-nurture issue
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Refers to the debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture, nature refers to an organisms biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences.
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Life-span perspective
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The perspective that development is life long, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary and contextual.
It involve growth, maintenance and regulation. |
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Normative life events
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Influences that are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances.
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Behavioural and Social
cognitive theory |
Behaviour, environment, and personal cognition are the key factors to understanding development.
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Ethology
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Study of behaviour as it is strongly influenced by biology tied to evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive period.
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Piaget's theory
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States that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through 4 stages of cognitive developement.
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Information processing theory
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Emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it and strategies about it.
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Eclectic theoretical
orientation |
Orientation that does not follow any one theoretical approach, but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered to be best in it.
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What are the five
environmental systems to the bio-ecological approach? |
microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem.
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Self-actualization
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The individualized expression of self in terms of reaching one's fullest potential without concern for praise or rewards.
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incongruity
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The gap between the real self (the "I am") and the ideal self (the "I should be").
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Congruence
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The relationship between a persons ideal self and real self as determined by self-selected descriptors.
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Humanists
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Psychologists who believe people work hard to become the best they can possibly become.
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What are the 4 states of
Piaget's Cognitive development? |
Sensorimotor stage, proportional stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage.
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Sensorimotor stage
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The first of Piaget's stages. A construction of of understanding the world by coordinating sensory experience with physical, motor actions.
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Pre-operational stage
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From age 2-7yrs. The second of Piaget's stages. Children being to represent the world with words, images and drawings.
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Concrete operational stage
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From 7-11yrs. The third of Piaget's stages. Children can preform operations and logical reasoning replaces intuitive thought, as long as reasoning is applied to specific or concrete examples.
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Formal operational stage
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From 11-15yrs. The fourth of Piaget's stages. Children move beyond concrete experiences and think in abstract and more logical terms. They think in ideal situations.
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Epigenetic
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The study of ongoing, bidirectional interchange of biological and environmental factors that result in heritable modifications, but which do not alter DNA, our genetic code.
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Non-shared environmental experiences
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The child's own unique experiences both within the family and outside the family, that are not shared by another sibling. Thus, experiences occurring with in the family can be part of the non shared environment.
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Shared environmental
experiences |
Children's common environmental experiences that are shared with their siblings, such as a parent's personalities and intellectual orientation, the family's social class, and the neighbourhood in which they live.
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Active (niche-picking)
genotype-environment correlations |
Exist when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating.
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evocative genotype-environment correlations
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Exist when the child's genotype elitist certain types of physical and social environments.
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Passive genotype-environment correlations
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Exist when the natural parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.
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Phenotype
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The way and individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics.
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Genotype
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A persons genetic heritage; the actual genetic material.
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zygote
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A single cell formed when an alum is fertilized by a sperm.
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fertilization
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The process that, in humans, begins when a female gamete (ovum) fuse with a male gamete (sperm) to create a zygote.
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meiosis
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The process of cellular division that divides sex cells and produces four daughter cells, each with 23 single chromosomes.
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Evolutionary psychology
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A contemporary approach that emphasizes that behaviour is function of mechanisms, requires input for activation and ultimately related to survival and reproduction.
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Chromosomes
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Thread like structures that are make up of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA
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D.N.A.
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A molecule in the shape of double helix; contains genetic information.
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genes
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Until of hereditary information composed of DNA; and is a blueprint for cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life.
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mitosis
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The process of cellular division during which cellular material is duplicated and two daughter cells are formed.
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bonding
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Close contact, especially physical, between parents and their newborn in the period shortly after birth.
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postpartum depression
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A major depressive episode that typically occurs about 4 weeks after delivery.
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postpartum period
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Occurs after childbirth when a mother adjusts, both physically and psychologically, to the process of child-birth; lasts for about 6 weeks or until her body has completely adjusts and returns to her pre pregnant state.
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Neonatal Intensive Care Neurobehavioral Scale
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Provide a more comprehensive analysis of the newborn's behaviour neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities; on offspring of the (NBAS)
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Brazelton Neonatal Behaviour
Assessment Scale (NBAS) |
A test given 24-36 hours after birth to access newborns' neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects.
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Apgar Scale
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A widely used method to assess the health of newborns at 1-5 minutes after birth; evaluates infants' heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body colour, and reflex irritability.
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small-for-date infants
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Born with a birth weight below normal when length of pregnancy is considered; may be preterm or full-term; also small-for-gestational-age.
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preterm infant
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Born prior to 38 weeks after conception.
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low-birth-weight infant
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Born after a regular period of gestation of 38-42 weeks but who weighs less than 2.5kg.
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prepared childbirth
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A child birth strategy similar to natural childbirth but that included a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labour and a more detailed anatomy and physiology course - Fernand Lamaze.
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natural childbirth
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A method of of childbirth that attempts to reduce the mothers pain by decreasing her fear through education about childbirth and relaxation techniques during delivery.
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afterbirth
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The 3rd stage of birth when the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled.
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teratogen
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Any agent that causes a birth defect or negatively alters cognitive and behavioural outcomes.
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Teratology
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The field of study that investigates the cause of birth variations. Tera=monster.
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fetal period
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Prenatal development that begins two months after conception and last for seven months, on average.
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organogenesis
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Organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development.
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umbilical cord
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A life-support system containing two arteries and one vein that connect the bay to the placenta.
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placenta
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A life-support system that consists of a disk-shaped group of tissue in which small blood vessels from he mother and offspring interwind but do not join.
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amnion
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A life-support system that is like a bag or envelope containing a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.
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embryonic period
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Prenatal development that occurs 2-8 weeks after conception during which the rate of cell differention intensifies, support system for the cells form, and organ appear.
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trophoblast
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The outer layer of cells that develops in the germinal period to provide nutrition and support for the embryo
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blastocyst
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The inner mass of cells that develops during the germinal period. These cells later develop into the embryo.
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germinal period
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Prenatal development in the first two weeks after conception, including the creation of the zygote, continued cell division, and the attachment of zygote to the uterine wall.
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Charles Nelson
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A researcher who is making strides in the study of brain development during infancy.
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Tiffy Field
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Explored the role of touch massage in development.
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T.Berry Brazelton
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Developed Neonatal assessment of neurological development.
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Ferdinand Lamaze
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French Obstetrician who developed prepared child birth.
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David Olds
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Founded the nurse Family Partnership that involves home visits by trained nurse beginning in the 2nd and 3rd trimester of prenatal development and continues until the baby reaches 2 yrs old.
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