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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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BEHAVIORAL |
SKINNER, WATSON, and BANDURA |
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SKINNER |
Operant conditioning: Internal actions that have an effect on the surrounding environment. His work was based on Thorndyke's Law of Effect Behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated; behavior which not reinforced tends to die out or be extinguished. |
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WATSON |
Classical Conditioning Little Albert Experiment: paired a white rat with a loud frightening noise to see if this would make a child fear the rat. It did. |
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BANDURA |
Behavior is learned through observation Attend/perceive Recall Accurately reproduce Motivated to carry out behavior |
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COGNITIVE |
PIAGET |
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PIAGET |
Placed great importance on the education of children. Stages include: Sensorimotor: 0-2 years (coordination of senses; object permanence) Pre-operational: 2-7 years (Symbolic thinking; conservation developed) Concrete Operational: 7-11 years (Time, space, and quantity are understood and can be applied, but not as independent concepts.) Formal Operational: 11+ years (Concepts learned in one context can be applied to another) |
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HUMANIST |
ROGERS and MASLOW: Focus on each individual's ability and motivation to reach more advanced levels of maturity; people naturally seek to reach their full potentia |
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PSYCHODYNAMIC |
ERIKSON and FREUD |
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FREUD |
Behavior motivated by inner forces, memories and conflicts Personality has 3 aspects: Id: Meeting basic needs Ego: Dealing with reality Superego: Adding morals Psychosexual development involves stages: Oral: 0-18 mo (sucking/biting/chewing) Anal: 18-36 mo (bowel/bladder control) Phallic: 3-6 years (genitals/masturbation) Latency: 6 years to puberty (repression of sexual feelings) Genital: puberty+ (maturation of sexual orientation) |
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ERIKSON'S STAGES |
T A I I I I G E |
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EVOLUTIONARY |
DARWIN: Natural selection Species must adapt or die Ethological Influence: examines ways in which biological makeup affects behavior |
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SOCIOCULTURAL |
VYGOTSKY: Emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members. Scaffolding Zone of Proximal Development |
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ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT |
The range of tasks that a child can perform with the help & guidance of others but cannot perform independently. |
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SCAFFOLDING |
The process in which teachers model or demonstrate the problem-solving process, then step back and offer support as needed. |
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CONSERVATION |
The ability to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container |
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CENTRATION |
Focusing on one aspect of a situation and ignoring the other (possibly relevant) aspects |
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AMYGDALA |
Responsible for response and memory of emotions, especially fear. Located above the hippocampus, near the bottom center of the brain. |
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FRONTAL LOBE |
Carries out higher mental processes such as decision making, planning, and executive functions. Located in the frontal and upper area of the cortex. |
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AUTISM |
Amygdala is under-active when people with autism and Asperger syndrome are trying to decode emotional facial expressions. Cambridge scientists were the first to discover this. |
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TERATOGENS |
An environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect. The worst time for teratogens is 4-8 weeks. Teratogen Sensitivity: depending on their state of development, some pats of the body vary in their sensitivity to teratogens. |
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MISCARRIAGE |
Def: The loss of pregnancy in the first 20 weeks. Causes: usually impossible to tell, however 50-70% of 1st trimester miscarriages are thought to be random events caused by chromosomal abnormalities in the fertilized egg. Risk factors: Age, chronic diseases, history of miscarriages, substance abuse, infections, uterine or cervical problems, medications, environmental toxins, paternal factors, obesity |
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BABY IN THE BOX |
Skinner put his daughter in a box for the first 2 years of her life. He did this to ease the burden of 2 children on his wife. It did not cause any problems to the child. The public did not agree with the box. The box or "air crib" was basically an oversized metal crib but with a ceiling, three solid walls and a safety-glass pane at the front which could be lowered to move the baby in and out of the crib. Canvas was stretched to create a floor. Sheeting was be rolled on top of the canvas and easily rolled off when soiled. Parents regulated the temperature and humidity of the crib via a control box on top of the crib and clean air was filtered into the crib from below. The crib was also higher than other cribs of the day, allowing easier access to the child without the burden of stooping over. |
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RESPONDANT CRYING |
Crying in response to something such as a need (I.E., food, water, diaper change, etc.) |
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OPERANT CRYING |
A learned behavior. Infant will cry in order to get attention rather than in response to a need. |
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BRAZELTON |
Flexible approach to potty training. He advocates that parents wait until signs of readiness appear. |
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ROSEMOND |
Rigid approach advocating quick and early training. This method can be demanding on the parent. If the parent misses the signals from the child then the child could have an accident but it would not be the child's fault. |
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UNDERNUTRITION |
Insufficient quantity or quality of nourishment to sustain proper health and growth. Consequences: increased susceptibility to fat accumulation mostly in the central region of the body, lower fat oxidation, lower resting and postprandial energy expenditure, insulin resistance in adulthood, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and a reduced capacity for manual work, among other impairments |
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KWASHIORKOR |
Form of malnutrition caused by not getting enough protein. Most frequently found in children/infants in Africa and Central America Symptoms: change in hair/skin color (red), fatigue, diarrhea, loss of muscle mass, failure to grow/gain weight, damaged immune system Consequences: Even with treatment children may never reach their full growth and heigh potential. Can cause permanent physical and mental problems. If left untreated, can lead to coma, shock, or death. |
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FEEDING PREFERENCES |
If you give kids HEALTHY options they will choose food that will help them most. 1 in 4 kids are typically food selective 25% of kids don't eat any veggies |
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TEXTURE FADING |
Treatment consisted of praise contingent on accepting bites or drinks, 15 sec of toyplay and praise contingent on swallowingbites or drinks. Started texture at 100% pureed, 100% junior, 100%ground, 100% chopped fine. Slowly brought percentages down to adapt children to different food textures. |
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FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO FOOD PREFERENCE |
Mother's preference Texture Fear Variety |
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WHY DO ADOLESCENCE DO DRUGS? |
Change their current state To fit in To feel good/better To experiment |
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MARIJUANA, pros/cons |
PRO: helpful in medicinal use many other vices legal adults can make choice to smoke can be taxed to help economy CON: Needs to be better regulated Currently no way to accurately screen for marijuana on the spot |
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EUGENICS |
The study or belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species/population |
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NEGATIVE/POSITIVE EUGENICS |
Negative: Discourage reproduction by persons with genetic defects or inheritable undesirable traits. Positive: Encouraging reproduction by persons presumed to have inheritable desirable traits |
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GENETIC ENGINEERING/MODIFICATION/MANIPULATION |
The direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. Used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries.
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ASSIMILATION |
The process by which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage and cognitive thinking. |
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ACCOMODATION |
When a person (usually a child) changes existing ways of thinking in response to a new stimulant or event. |
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GENDER DIFFERENCES |
We have equal levels starting out. The difference comes in the form of interest, personality and practice in the sport/event. Opportunities Reinforcements: Adults/Peers Biological Differences: capabilities are different, but practice also makes a difference (skill/technique level) Entertainment value: WNBA vs NBA Environmental factors Obvious strengths can become weakness if technique is not developed. |
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STRESS - COPING APPROACHES |
Emotional Insulation Emotion Focused Problem Focused Defensive Unconcious Strategies Social Support |
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HARDINESS |
Character trait that one already has (I.E., optimistic, confident, etc.) |
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RESILIENCE |
Something you develop as you go through trials, how well you are able to bounce back |
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STRESS - COPING SKILLS |
Problem solving Exercising Looking at the bigger picture Prioritizing Writing, painting, drawing, etc. Mindfulness |
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PHENOTYPE |
Observable characteristics or traites (I.E., hair, eyes, skin, etc.) |
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GENOTYPE |
Genetic makeup or inheritable information that cannot be seen by the naked eye. |
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ABORTION Why do women have it done? |
Fetus will kill mother Fetus dies Fetus has disease or disorder (dr recommended) Woman doesn't want a baby |
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ABORTION Should it be legal? |
YES: Woman's body, she can choose what she does with it Rape/incest victim When birth control doesn't work but you don't want a baby NO: Moral reasons Rewards irresponsibility - provides a "way out" It wasn't fetus' choice to be created |
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SENSATION
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What you feel. The process of sensing our environment through touch, taste, sight, sound, and smell. |
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PERCEPTION |
What you think you feel. The way we interpret these sensations and therefore make sense of everything around us. |
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ETHICS IN RESEARCH |
Avoid any risk of harm to participants, environment, or property Do not lie to participants (deception) Obtain informed consent Preserve privacy |
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GENETIC DISORDERS |
Sickle Cell Anemia Down Syndrome Tay Sachs Fragile X Kleinfelters |
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SICKLE CELL ANEMIA |
Blood disorder caused by deformed hemoglobin Around 1/10 people of African descent carry genes that produce this disease Without treatment, people rarely live beyond childhood Symptoms: poor appetite, stunted growth, swollen stomach, yellowish eyes |
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DOWN SYNDROME |
A disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome in the 21st pair (trisomy 21) Most frequent cause of retardation Occurs in 1/500 births Risk is much greater in mothers who are unusually young or old Symptoms included flattened facial features, happy disposition, very trusting |
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TAY SACHS |
Results from mutations in the HEXA gene on human chromosome 15. Causes a progressive deterioration of nerve cells and of mental and physical abilities that begins around six months of age and usually results in death by the age of four. There is no treatment. Occurs mainly in Jews of Eastern European decent and in French Canadians. |
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Fragile X |
Produced by injury to a gene in the X chromosome. Males affected more often than females. Physical: Can include large ears, long face, soft skin and large testicles (called “macroorchidism”) in post-pubertal males. Connective tissue problems may include ear infections, flat feet, high arched palate, double-jointed fingers and hyper-flexible joints. Behavioral can include: ADD, ADHD, autism and autistic behaviors, social anxiety, hand-biting and/or flapping, poor eye contact, sensory disorders and increased risk for aggression. |
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Klinefelters |
Results from a presence of an extra X chromosome. Produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, enlarged breasts and hairlessness. 1/400 males are born with this |
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BEHAVIOR CUSPS |
A learned skill that opens the door for many new skills and/or opportunities. Ex: driving, walking, talking |
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BEHAVIOR TRAPS |
A community of reinforcement in the natural environment that could maintain and potential shape new behavior of its members. Ex: child's social skills could be trapped in natural community of peers' social reinforcement. |
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REFLEXES |
Swimming Rooting Stepping Moro Babinski Startle Eye-Blink Gag |
