Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
basic research = Applied research = |
new knowledge practical importance |
|
|
Human Development is Interdisciplinary. What does this mean?
|
Interdisciplinary means combined efforts of people from many fields of study
|
|
|
What is a Theory? Why are theories important? How is a theory strengthened?
|
Theory= a way to describe, explain and predict behaviors. Important b/c is provides a way to organize your observations. Strengthened by repetition. |
|
|
Continuous vs Discontinuous
|
Continuous : development is a smooth continuous gradual process. Discontinuous: development takes place in steps. A rapid process as you reach the next step |
|
|
One Course of Development or Many?
|
Personal and environmental circumstances shape who we are
|
|
|
Nature vs Nurture
|
debate weather genetics or environment have a more profound effect on development. Nature: inborn, genetic, heredity Nurture: social, psychological |
|
|
Life span Perspective
|
1) development is life long 2) development is multidirectional and Multidimensional 3) development is highly plastic (able to adapt) 4) development is affected by multiple forces (biological , historical, social and cultural) |
|
|
age graded influences
|
events related to age and thus highly predictable. ex: drivers permit @15yrs, puberty, kindergarden, menopause,
|
|
|
history graded influences
|
people born around the same time tend to think/behave alike. ex: baby boomers
|
|
|
non Normative influences
|
experiences that are unique to an individual or a small group/percentage of people & they do not follow a predictable time table.
|
|
|
Resilience
|
the ability to adapt effectively in the face of developmental threats. ex: poverty, drug abuse, divorce, job loss, mental illness Four factors that make you resilient: personality, warm parental relationship, social support outside the family & community resources. |
|
|
Normative Approach to Development
|
large amounts of data use to compute age related averages to represent stages of development (Prof: sat, gre, people preform according to their score) |
|
|
Psychoanalytic Perspective
|
People are faced with conflict between biological drives and social expectations. How these conflicts are resolved determines persons' ability learn and cope. |
|
|
Freud's Psychosexual Theory & Stages
|
how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first years is crucial to personality development Oral, anal, phallic, Latency, Genital |
|
|
Id , EGO, SUPER EGO
|
Id: unconscious desires Ego: Rational, redirects Id's impulses into acceptable behaviors Super Ego: the Conscious mind & Morals |
|
|
Erickson's Psychosocial Theory
|
8 Stages of Development. (first 5 are similar to Freuds': Oral, Anal, Phallic, latency, Genital) 3 adult stages: Intimacy , Generativity, Integrity . |
|
|
Behaviorism (Operant conditioning) vs Social Learning (Modeling)
|
Behaviorism: If something is not directly observable and measurable then it doesn't exist. Reinforce & punish Social Learning : Imitation or observational learning guides development |
|
|
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
|
Children actively construct knowledge as they explore. Stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational(symbolic) , Concrete-operational (logical), Formal Operational(abstract thought) |
|
|
Ethology
|
the critical/ sensitive period to learn skills
|
|
|
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
|
Learn from people who know more than you
|
|
|
Ecological Systems Theory
|
*what impacts you, you also impact Microsystem- family , day care Mesosystem -connection between mircos Exosystem-do not touch individual but affect Macrosystem- cultural values, laws, |
|
|
Research Methods: 1.Systematic observation 2.Structured observation 3.Clinical interview 4.Structured interview |
1. look but don't touch 2. lab experiment that evokes behavior 3. flexible conversation 4. stick to the questionnaire |
|
|
Clinical Case Study Pro Con |
Pro: you get to know your subject in depth con: cannot generalize results to the population |
|
|
Ethnography Pro Con |
submerse yourself in another culture Pro: detailed Con: Bias |
|
|
Correlational Research Design Pro Con |
Goal is to discover the relationship between two variables through observation Pro: tells you if there is a relationship Con: Doenst tell you cause and effect. |
|
|
Experimental Research Pro Con |
Pro: Tells you the cause and effect Con: Ethical issues |
|
|
Longitudnal vs Cross Sectional
|
Long: same subjects , different points in time Cross: Different subjects @ diff ages, studied at the same time. |
|
|
Genotype vs Phenotype
|
Genotype: the blend of genetic info that determines our characteristics Phenotype: Directly observable characteristics |
|
|
How many pair of chromosomes do we have? What are they made of? How does Mitosis play a role?
|
23 matching pairs (aka autosomes) ; made of DNA; DNA can replicate itself via MITOSIS
|
|
|
Sex Cells are also called ....? Do sex cells use Mitosis or Meiosis? What is it called when sperm and egg unite? |
Gametes (sperm and ovum) Meiosis Zygote |
|
|
What is an allele? Define homozygous vs heterozygous. When does Dominant and Recessive come into play?
|
Allele: gene Homozygous: Alleles from both parents are alike Heterozygous: Alleles are different When alleles are hetro , then the dominant one will be expressed. |
|
|
What is incomplete dominance?
|
When both alleles are expressed
|
|
|
What is X-Linked inheritance?
|
When a harmful allele is carried on the X chromosome , males are more likely to be affected because their Y chromosome is shorter and lacks all the genes of an X chrom. so it is less likely that he will have a dominant gene to overcome the harmful one.
|
|
|
Germline Mutation Somatic Mutation |
When the egg or sperm is exposed to radiation before conception normal body cells mutate spontaneously |
|
|
Donor Insemination, In vitro Fertilization, Surrogate mother,
|
Donor Insemination: Sperm of unknown male In Vitro - conception takes place in petri dish Surrogate- young female & her egg receive males sperm & child is handed over to father |
|
|
Genetic Counseling
|
assesses the couples likelihood of passing on a genetic disorder to their offspring
|
|
|
Prenatal Diagnostic Methods
|
Amniocentesis - needle used to obtain fluid sample from uterus |
|
|
Environmental Context, What roll does family play development?
|
Direct influences: The direct parenting techniques used. Indirect influences: if the parental relationship is hostile, the child is more likely to have serious emotional problems (internalizing & externalizing) |
|
|
SocioEconomic Status (SES)
|
Takes into account: Years of education, prestige of ones job, and Income. As SES raises and falls , people face challenges. Rich: neglect, alcoholism, depression |
|
|
Collectivism vs Individualism
|
Collectivism : Group before self Individualism: Self before group |
|
|
What is heritability? What are kinship studies? Why are heritability estimates limited?
|
-the extend to which individual differences are due to genetic factors. - kinship studies : compare characteristics of family members (twins raised in different homes) -limited b/c they are often misapplied & they don't tells us how personality/ intelligence develop |
|
|
Range of Reaction
|
-each persons' unique response to the environment . B/c each person has a unique genetic makeup, everyone responds differently to the same environment.
|
|
|
Two types of Genetic -Environmental Correlations: Passive Correlation Evocative Correlation Active Niche Picking |
Passive: child has no control over environment Evocative: child evokes different responses from adults based on temperament Active: Child actively seeks out environments that fit their genetic tendencies Niche Picking: actively seek environments that complement their heredity |
|
|
Epigenetic Framework (Epigenesis)
|
Environment, Behavior and Gene Expression act on each other equally
|
|
|
Pregnancy is divided into three stages. What are they?
|
1) Zygote - multiplies & becomes Blastocyst & embeds itself in the uterus wall. 2) Embryo-all the organs form 3) Fetus - finishes developing all structures |
|
|
What are the three layers of cells formed by the embryonic disk?
|
1) ectoderm- nervous system & skin 2) Mesoderm- muscles, bones, circulatory sys. 3) Endoderm-digestive system, lungs, glands |
|
|
What is the neural tube? How is it formed?
|
Neural tube formed by the ectoderm folding over itself. It becomes the spinal cord.
|
|
|
What is Vernix? What is Lanugo?
|
Vernix: cheese like substance that protects the fetus skin from chapping lanugo: white hair that helps the vernix stick to the skin |
|
|
Teratogens . What are they? Give examples
|
- any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period Ex: drugs, tobacco, alcohol, radiation, viruses |
|
|
During which stage (Zygote, Embryonic, Fetal) are teratogens most dangerous?
|
Embryonic because this is when all the foundations for body parts are developing. A teratogen at this stage could create serious birth defects & structural abnormalities.
|
|
|
Fetal Monitoring
|
Electronic instruments that track the baby's heart rate during labor. Two types: strap a monitor across the mother's abdomen. or attach directly to baby through cervix. |
|
|
What is the difference between preterm babies and "small for date" babies?
|
Preterm- small because they were born weeks early Small for date- are below their weight considering the length of pregnancy. More serious problems. |
|
|
Kangaroo Care. What is it? what does it promote?
|
Used for preterm babies in developing countries where hospitalization is not possible. Involves placing the baby directly on the chest of the mother/father . Promotes oxygenation, temp regulation, sleep, feeding, and overall survival.
|
|
|
|
|
