Lesson 4 Botany

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1500

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Year first invented the microscope

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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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firstly Made the microscope

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Robert Hooke

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In 1665, an English Physicist made a significant discovery with the microscope (2 lenses) -- Using a cork he identified dead cells

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Robert Brown

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1830, Scottish botanish who first identified Nucleus

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Matthias Schleiden

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1838, stated all plants composed of cells

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Theodor Schwann

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1839, stated all animals are composed of cells - Thus claimed All living things are composed of cells

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Rudolf Virchow

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1858, All cells come from preexisting cells

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- All organisms are made up of cells

- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms

- All cells come from cells that already exists

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What is Cell Theory?

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August Weismann

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1880, All cells existing today originated from ancient cells

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Plant cell: One large central vacuous, taking up 90% of the cell volume

Animal cell: one or more small vacuoles

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Compare Vacuole of plants between animal cell

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Plant cell: Only present in lower plant forms

Animal cell: Always present

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Compare Centrioles of plants between animal cell

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Animal cell: Cell membrane + Cell wall

Animal cell: Cell membrane only

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Compare Plasma Membrane of plants between animal cell

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1. Cell Wall

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Function: part of the plants, For protection, photosynthesis and defines shape

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-cellulose

-Hemicellulose

-middle lamella (pectin, Glycoprotein)

-Secondary cell walls

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Cell Wall is composed of..? (5)

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Cellulose

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Main component of Cell Wall

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Hemicellulose

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A glue like substance that holds cellulose fibrils together

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Middle Lamella

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cell walls are held together by the ______

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Pectin

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Organic materials that gives stiffness to fruit jellies

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Glycoprotein

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Proteins with sugar

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Secondary cell walls

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-composed of cellulose deposited between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane to render support, strength and protection

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Plasmodesmata

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Tiny strands of cytoplasm that extends between cell openings

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Permeable

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Are cell walls and middle lamella; permiable or not?

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2. Cytoplasm

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-consists all of the contents of outside of nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell

-Gel-like appearance. Composed mainly of water (enzymes, salts and various organelles)

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3. Plasma Membrane

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-Outer boundary of the cell

-Thin semi permiable layer

-Plays a role in control of cell growth and differentiation

-It mediates TRANSPORT of substances into and out of the protoplasem

-Made up of PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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2 layers of protein

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4. Nucleus

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-grayish spherical to ellipsoidal lump

-Control center of the cell for growth, differentiation & storage of hereditary information

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Nucleolus

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-produces the ribosomes

-critical in protein synthesis

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Chromatin

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Thin strands involved in the process of dividing

-Composed of protein & DNA

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Chromasomes

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- condensed chromatin strands

- structures of DNA that carries and genes that functions the cell

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5. Endoplasmic Reticulum

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-An enclosed space with network of flattened sacs & tubes forming channels

- Facilitates cellular communication

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Rough (ER) Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Associated with synthesis, secretions or storage of proteins

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Smooth ER

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Associated with lipid secretion

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46

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How many are chromosomes?

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6. Dictyosomes/Golgi Apparatus

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-responsible for collecting, packaging, and delivery center of the “post office” of the cell

-Flattened disc of vesicles scattered in Cytoplasm

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7. Ribosomes

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-It has 55 kinds of proteins

-not membrane bound and not an organelle

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8. Plastids

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-occur in a variety of shapes and sizes

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Grana

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Found in chloroplast formed like a stack of coins

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8. Plastids

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-occur in a variety of shapes and sizes

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Thylakoids

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-stacks of 2-100 found in each granum

-Contains green CHLOROPHYLL pigments

-1st step of photosynthesis occurs

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8. Plastids

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-occur in a variety of shapes and sizes

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Grana

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Found in chloroplast formed like a stack of coins

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Thylakoids

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-stacks of 2-100 found in each granum

-Contains green CHLOROPHYLL pigments

-1st step of photosynthesis occurs

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Proplastids

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-before plastids

-small pale green or colorless organelles with almost the same size and form of mitochondria

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-Chloroplasts

-Chromaplasts

-Leukoplasts

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3 types of Plastids

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Chloroplasts

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Contains chlorophyll and it's associated with protein site of photosynthesis

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Stroma

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The colorless liquid portion of chloroplast containing enzyme

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Chromaplasts

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Lack chlorophyll but synthesize and retain carotenoid pigments (which are responsible for the yellow, orange, and red colors of many flowers, old leaves and some fruits )

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Leucoplast

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Nonpigmented plastids some of which synthesize starch while others produce oils or proteins

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Leucoplast

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Nonpigmented plastids some of which synthesize starch while others produce oils or proteins

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amyloplasts

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synthesize starch

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elaioplasts

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in Leucoplasts, what synthesizes oils

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amyloplasts

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in leucoplasts, what synthesizes starch?

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9. Mitochondria

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-“powerhouse” of the cell

-Releases energy from organic molecules by the process of Cellular Respiration

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Cristae

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in Mitochondria, what is its plate-like folds

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Cristae

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in Mitochondria, what is its plate-like folds

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10. Microbodies

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small, spherical organelles with specialized enzymes & are bound by single membrane

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-perixome

-glyoxisome

-lysosomes

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types of microbodies (3)

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Perixome

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type of microbody, containing enzymes need for the plants to survive during hot conditions (process called Photorespiration)

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Cristae

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in Mitochondria, what is its plate-like folds

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10. Microbodies

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small, spherical organelles with specialized enzymes & are bound by single membrane

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-perixome

-glyoxisome

-lysosomes

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types of microbodies (3)

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Perixome

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type of microbody, containing enzymes need for the plants to survive during hot conditions (process called Photorespiration)

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Glyoxisome

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contain enzymes that aid in conversion of fats to carbohydrates (e.g. seed germination)

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Cristae

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in Mitochondria, what is its plate-like folds

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10. Microbodies

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small, spherical organelles with specialized enzymes & are bound by single membrane

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-perixisome

-glyoxisome

-lysosomes

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types of microbodies (3)

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Peroxisome

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type of microbody, containing enzymes need for the plants to survive during hot conditions (process called Photorespiration)

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Glyoxisome

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contain enzymes that aid in conversion of fats to carbohydrates (e.g. seed germination)

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lysosomes

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stores enzymes that digest proteins (only in animal cells)

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11. Vacuole

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-makes up 90% of the plant cell volume

-maintains cell pressure & pH storage of cell metabolites & waste products

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11. Vacuole

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-makes up 90% of the plant cell volume

-maintains cell pressure & pH storage of cell metabolites & waste products

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Vacuus

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what is the latin word of Vacuole, meaning “empty”?

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Cell sap

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fluid inside the vacuole (salt, sugar, organic acids & soluble proteins and pigments)

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11. Vacuole

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-makes up 90% of the plant cell volume

-maintains cell pressure & pH storage of cell metabolites & waste products

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Vacuus

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what is the latin word of Vacuole, meaning “empty”?

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Cell sap

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fluid inside the vacuole (salt, sugar, organic acids & soluble proteins and pigments)

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anthocyanin

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in Vacuole, it is responsible for the red, blue, purple color of flowers, & reddish leaves

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Cell sap

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fluid inside the vacuole (salt, sugar, organic acids & soluble proteins and pigments)

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Cytoskeleton

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involved in the movement within the cell with 2 kinds of of fibers

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-microtubules

-microfilaments

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2 kinds of fibers in Cytoskeleton

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-microtubules

-microfilaments

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2 kinds of fibers in Cytoskeleton

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Microtubules

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-control the addition of cellulose to the cell wall

-composed of tubulin

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-microtubules

-microfilaments

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2 kinds of fibers in Cytoskeleton

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Microtubules

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-control the addition of cellulose to the cell wall

-composed of tubulin

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(1) Cell Wall (2) Cytoplasm

(3) Plasma Membrane

(4) Nucleus (5) ER (6) Ribosomes

(7) Dictyosomes (8) Plastids

(9) Mitochondria (10) Microbodies (11) Vacuole

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Parts of the plant cells (11)

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-Matthias Schleiden

-Theodore Schwann

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Who are the two people who came up with Cell theory?