Lesson 4-6 Quiz

Front 1

Label the Cell Cycle Diagram

Back 1

A. G1 phase — cell growth

B. S phase — DNA replication

C. G2 phase — preparation for mitosis

D. Interphase

E. Cell Division/Mitosis

F. Prophase

G. Metaphase

H. Anaphase

I. Telophase

J. Cytokinesis

K. Cell Division

Front 2

-is the basis for the continuity of all life.

-the process by which the cell divides to form two daughter cells

-the daughter cells have the exact genetic info. (DNA) as the parent cell

Back 2

Cell Division

Front 3

How does cell division work?

Back 3

1.Typical human has about 2 metres of DNA, so before the cell can divide, all the DNA must be copied during Interphase

2.Then two copies separated so that each daughter cells ends up with a complete set of DNA that is identical to the parent (mother cell [mitosis & cytokineses]

Front 4

3 main reasons why cell undergo cell division

Back 4

1.Growth of organisms

2. Repair of damaged tissues & Organs

3. Reproduction leads to replacing dying/dead cells

Front 5

-reproduce through growth + division process

-continuous production of new cells

Back 5

Cell Cycle

Front 6

-body cells (muscle,skin cells etc.) of plants & animals excluding reproductive cells

Back 6

Somatic cells

Front 7

-it is the carrier of genetic info. that is responsible for the development and function of an organisms

-most of it found inside the chromosomes

Back 7

DNA

Front 8

DNA has a 2 strands that twist into the shape of a spiral ladder called

Back 8

Helix

Front 9

DNA is it is made up of four building blocks called

Back 9

nucleotides

Front 10

-is the indistinguishable mass of DNA molecules-thread-like complex of DNA that is wrapped around many protein complex (histores)-found in interphase

Back 10

Chromatin

Front 11

_____ describes as long and thin (not condensed) like a chromosomes

Back 11

Chromatin

Front 12

in telophase start to unwind and become long and thin again (like chromatin)

Back 12

daughter chromosomes

Front 13

It is usually found in a linear, double-stranded condense molecules of chromatin that carry genetic info. in the form of genes

Back 13

Chromosomes

Front 14

when DNA must be copied chromosomes are in the ______ form and each strand is copied

Back 14

Chromatin

Front 15

After_____, the chromosome forms the traditional “X” shape therefore, replicated chromosomes are made up of sister chromatids held by a ______.

Back 15

Condensing

centromere

Front 16

It is either one of the two replicated strands of the chromosome

Back 16

Chromatids

Front 17

A two copies of the same chromosome that is held by a centromere

Back 17

Sister Chromatids

Front 18

-constricted region of the chromosomes that hold the sister chromatids together and contains kinetochores (where the kinetochore microtubules attach)

Back 18

centromere

Front 19

-when sister chromatids are separated (pulled apart) and move away rom each other-term where anaphase starts

_____ are also in telophase and cytokinesis

Back 19

Daughter Chromosome

Front 20

3 Distinct Stages of Cell Cycle

Back 20

Interphase

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

Front 21

-cell carries out normal functions, cell grows, develops into mature, functioning cell, and duplicates genetic material (DNA) in preparationffor the next stage of cycle/division-longest stage of the cell cycle

Back 21

Interphase

Front 22

3 Distinct Stages within Interphase

Back 22

G1 (First Gap)

S (Synthesis)

G2 (Second Gap)

Front 23

-cell synthesize new molecules (i.e. enzymes, cytoplasmic organelles double in number) in preparation for next phase in cell cycle

Back 23

G1 (First Gap)

Hint 23

3 Distinct Stages within Interphase

Front 24

Cellular DNA = copied/replicated

-the DNA (chromatin) has been duplicated (doubled #) from 46 to 92 which means we had 46 individual strands and now we have 92 strands

Back 24

S (Synthesis)

Hint 24

3 Distinct Stages within Interphase

Front 25

-DNA-protein complex exists in uncondensed fibers called ______ (long & thin strands)

Back 25

Chromatin

Front 26

-considered late interphase (cell will grow to maximum size to prepare for cell division)

-cell synthesizes more species structures needed for cell division (i.e. prior to mitosis and cytokinesis)

Back 26

G2 (Second Gap)

Hint 26

3 Distinct Stages within Interphase

Front 27

-1st part in cell division-stage where the division of the contents within the cell/ DNA in the nucleus is divided

Back 27

Mitosis

Front 28

occur in both the nucleus and cytoplasm-the nucleolus dissolves/disappear

Back 28

Early Prophase

Front 29

In Early prophase the centrosomes separate and start moving to opposite ends of the cell because the microtubules start to ____ & _____ against each other these are called ______

Back 29

lengthen and push

non-kine chore microtobules

Front 30

-protein structures that act as attachment sites within the centromere, where the microtubules attach to.

Back 30

Kinetochore

Front 31

-do not interact with the chromosomes instead they push againsteach other to increase the cell's size in order to make 2 daughter cells-present during interphase

Back 31

Non-kinetochore microtubules

Hint 31

2 types of Microtubules

Front 32

by metaphase they help stabilize the cell so that metaphase can occur properly and this is important because there is a check point (M) that ensures this is done properly or sister chromatids won't separate properly in anaphase-by anaphase,telophase, & cytokinesis they continue to push againsteach other to make the larger, which helps to form 2 daughter cells

Back 32

Non-kinetochore microtubules

Hint 32

2 types of Microtubules

Front 33

-microtubules attack to chromosome's centromere specifically the kinetochores-attach to the kinetochore so they can move the chromosomes throughout different stages in mitosi

Back 33

Kinetochore microtubules

Hint 33

2 types of Microtubules

Front 34

-the nuclear envelope starts to breakdown (fragments)

the Centrosomes are almost at the opposite poles

-the microtubules of the mitotic spindle are fully formed where they invade in the nucleus and interact with the chromosomes

Back 34

Late Prophase (Prometaphase)

Front 35

chromosomes lining up at the centre or middle

the 2 sets of centrioles are now at completely opposite sides

the kinetochore microtubules from each centriole move the chromosomes to the middle of the cell

Back 35

Metaphase - Phase 2 of Mitosis

Front 36

-away

-chromosomes/sister chromatids separate because the centrosomes break

Back 36

Anaphase - Phase 3 of Mitosis

Front 37

In Anaphase the poles of the cell move further apart (as non-kinetochore microtubules _____

Back 37

Lengthen

Front 38

non-kinetochore microtubules continue to lengthen elongating the cell

-daughter nuclei (containing daughter chromosome) form at the poles of the cell-

Back 38

Telophase - Phase 4 of Mitosis

Front 39

In Telophase - Phase 4 of Mitosis, ______ of each chromosome begins to be less tightly coiled (they start to loosen)

Back 39

chromatin fibre

Front 40

One of the checkpoints in which kinetochore microtubules are attached the kinetochore on the sister chromatids (chromosomes) & DNA is lined up perfectly in the middle of the cell.

Back 40

M checkpoint

Front 41

This checkpoint has to do with metaphase and it impacts sister chromatids being separated properly and it could lead to non-disjunction.

Back 41

M checkpoint

Front 42

is like an internal memory that constantly counts the # of cell divisions each cell has undergone

Back 42

Cell Clock/Biological clock

Front 43

2 reasons why not all cells in the body

Back 43

1. An individual’s age is why cells stop dividing

2. Usually division (mitosis) is stopped by cell specialization

Front 44

-A caps at the end of chromosomes

-prevent chromosomes from sticking together.

Back 44

Telomeres

Front 45

-Telomeres ______ determines how many cell divisions can take place

-each time there is cell division telomeres ______ gets shorter

-as a person get older, there is a less _______

Back 45

length

Front 46

is the process of forming identical offspring from a single cell or tissue.

Back 46

Cloning

Front 47

-It originates from a single parent cell

-It is identical or nearly identical to the parent

-it is referred to as asexual reproduction

Back 47

Clone

Front 48

is a method used to make a clone or an identical copy of an entire multicellular organism.

Back 48

Reproductive Cloning

Front 49

Explain how cloning techniques works

Back 49

1. They removed the nucleus from an unfertilized egg with a micropipette

2. A nucleus is removed from a stem cell and inserted (i.e. transplanted) into the enucleated cell.

Front 50

In Telophase - Phase 4 of Mitosis _______ and _______ starts to form

Back 50

nuclear membrane and cleavage furrow

Front 51

-a cell without a nucleus is called

Back 51

Enucleated

Front 52

-the egg cell with the transplanted nucleus began to divide much like any normal _____.

Back 52

fertilized cell

Front 53

New biotechnology tools have given scientists the ability to alter genetic material in an organism, producing ________

Back 53

genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

Front 54

It is often carry genes that originated in different species. These ______ exhibit some of the characteristics of the gene donor species and are unique organisms.

Back 54

GMOs

Front 55

There have been attempts at producing cloned human embryos as sources of ______.

Back 55

Embryonic stem cells.

Front 56

-the stem cells could be used to research and ultimately provide ______, such as replacing damaged tissues.

Back 56

therapeutic applications

Front 57

Benefits of cloning

Back 57

(i) organs suitable for transplantation into humans (i.e. provides many more organs for patients)

(ii) greater resources for medical experimentation and research

(iii) the strongest livestock could be cloned. This will improve production and quality of livestock and crop plants.

(iv) cloning endangered species.

Front 58

What are the Drawbacks of using Cloned Animals & Crops?

Back 58

-might be too expensive for some farmers to produce and maintain.

-some consumers may avoid purchasing food from cloned organisms.

Front 59

Is the process by which gametes (or sex cells) are formed.

it occurs only in sexually reproducing organisms

Back 59

Meiosis

Front 60

-a two-stage cell division in which the chromosome number of the parental stem cell (46 chromosomes) is reduced by half (23).

Back 60

Meiosis

Front 61

-2nd part of cell division

the division of the cytoplasm has already begun

appearance of two separate daughter cells

Back 61

3rd Stage of Cell Cycle (Cytokinesis)

Front 62

sex cells that have a haploid (n = 23) chromosome number

-each sex cell or _____ has 23 chromosomes

Back 62

Gametes

Front 63

refers to the number of chromosomes in a gamete (i.e. half the total # of chromosomes in somatic cells)

-23 chromosomes (half of the 46 chromosomes)

Back 63

Haploid

Front 64

In 3rd Stage of Cell Cycle (Cytokinesis), each_______ contains its own nucleus and DNA, cytoplasm, and organelles

Back 64

new cells

Front 65

is a critical control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle

Back 65

Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle

Front 66

Why have checkpoints?

Back 66

-to ensure that cycle confines when it should

-to prevent anything that interferes with the cell's signals

-to monitor the cell's activities at specific points in the cell cycle and send messages to the nucleus.

Front 67

-the _______ determine whether the cell should continue through the cellcycle

Back 67

nucleus

Front 68

3 Main Checkpoints

Back 68

GI Checkpoint

G2 Checkpoint

M checkpoint

Front 69

It reads and check the DNA for error/damage before copying the DMA in S-phase and it also checks the internal components of the cell are working

Back 69

G1 Checkpoint

Front 70

In humans, it is the joining of male and female haploid gametes

Egg (23) + sperm (23) → zygote (46)

n + n 2n

Back 70

Fertilization:

Front 71

Are all the body cells (not sex cells); this includes the

first cell (stem cell) created due to fertilization.

-all these cells will have a diploid #

Back 71

Somatic Cells

Front 72

It is a stage in Meiosis I that lasts longer and is more complex than _______ in mitosis.

Back 72

Prophase I

Front 73

In Prophase I the 2 _____ move to opposite poles within the cell (via non-kinetochore microtubules).

Back 73

centrosome

Front 74

In Prophase I, microtubules are formed and chromosomes start to _______ (i.e. shorten and thicken) (each chromosome is made up of sister chromatids)

Back 74

condense

Front 75

It is seen in Prophase I, which are paired parental chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad) that are similar

Back 75

Homologous Chromosomes

Front 76

It is homologous chromosomes if they have the same:

Back 76

shape, size, gene arrangement, gene formation and centromere location

Front 77

a pair of homologous chromosomes, each with two chromatids (i.e. 4 chromatids total)

Back 77

Tetrad (bivalent)

Front 78

the pairing of homologous chromosomes

Back 78

Synapsis

Front 79

As the chromosomes synapse the chromatids often intertwine by a protein apparatus called the ______?

Back 79

synaptonemal complex

Front 80

the exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes

Back 80

Crossing Over

Front 81

the site of crossing over is called?

Back 81

chiasmata

Front 82

refers to twice (2n) the number of chromosomes in a gamete.

-humans diploid chromosome number, which is 46.

2n = 46

Back 82

Diploid

Front 83

It is a stage in Meiosis I that tetrads line up at the center/middle of the cell.

Back 83

Metaphase I

Front 84

How is genetic diversity increased in Metaphase I?

Back 84

(i) Independent assortment occurs here which adds to genetic diversity.

(ii) Homologous chromosomes align independently (mom and dad’s chromosomes) along the metaphase plate and sort independently in the daughter cells.

Front 85

It is a stage in Meiosis, synaptonemal complex must first break apart and then the tetrads (i.e. homologous chromosomes) break apart!!!

Back 85

Anaphase I

Front 86

In Anaphase I each chromosome consists of a set of (2) _______ that will remain attached at their centromeres.

Back 86

sister chromatids

Front 87

In Anaphase I, the homologous chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell (poles) and this process is known as?

Back 87

segregation

Front 88

-is the process in eukaryotes when paired homogeneous chromosomes (tetrads), separate from each other and migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus

Back 88

Chromosomes segregation

Front 89

Stage in Meiosis by which the centrosomes (or MTOC) continues to separate the homologous chromosome pairs until each chromosome has reached the poles of the cell.

Back 89

Telophase I

Front 90

In Telophase I _______begins to form around each of the separated homologous chromosomes

Back 90

nuclear membrane

Front 91

In telophase I, chromosomes in the two nuclei are _____because each daughter nuclei contains one member of the chromosome.

Back 91

not identical

Front 92

Stage in Meiosis I in which cleavage furrow forms and the division of the cytoplasm occurs and the nuclear membrane is completely formed (2 nuclei appear)

Back 92

Cytokinesis I

Front 93

the formation of sex cells (gametes)

Back 93

Gametogenesis

Front 94

This allows different traits to have an equal opportunity to be expressed and explains why you may look different then your siblings.

Back 94

Law of Independent assortment

Front 95

–no replication (doubling of DNA/chromosomes) before meiosis II

Back 95

Meiosis II

Front 96

-occurs approximately at the same time in each of the haploid daughter cells.

-pairs of chromatids will separate and move to opposite poles of the cell and will be separated into daughter cells (4 total)

Back 96

Meiosis II

Front 97

Stage in Meiosis II by which nuclear membrane dissolves , centrioles begin to move towards opposite poles and the kinetochore microtubules attach to the chromosomes

Back 97

Prophase II

Front 98

Stage in Meiosis II, which chromosomes (with different combination of genes) line up at the center

Back 98

Metaphase II

Front 99

Stage in Meiosis II by which the kinetochore (centromere) breaks apart and now the sister chromatids (with different combination of genes) of each chromosome separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

Back 99

Anaphase II

Front 100

Stage in Meiosis II by which the nuclear membrane begins to form around chromatids

Back 100

Telophase II

Front 101

In Telophase II, the continues to ______, where the presence of a cleavage furrow begins to form

Back 101

lengthen

Front 102

In Telophase II the chromosomes start to _____and become long and thin

Back 102

loosen

Front 103

Stage in Meiosis II in which the nuclear membrane is fully formed and the second division of cytoplasm occurs

Back 103

Cytokinesis II

Front 104

2 outcomes of Meiosis

Back 104

1.Genetic Reduction

2.Genetic Recombination

Front 105

Produces daughter cells with half the # of chromosomes of parent cell.

Back 105

Genetic Reduction

Front 106

Meiosis I is often called ______ because the diploid, or 2n, chromosome number is reduced to the haploid.

Back 106

reduction division

Front 107

Meiosis II is marked by a ______ of the sister chromatids.

Back 107

Separation

Front 108

Different alleles = combined

= offspring that are genetically different from one another / parents = genetic variation in population

Back 108

Genetic Recombination

Front 109

-occurs once, only before Meiosis I

-For each CHROMATIN the result is two identical sister chromatids are held together by a centromere that will eventually form a chromosome in Prophase I.

Back 109

Interphase

Front 110

In Interphase ______ and _____ are replicated/duplicated

Back 110

Chromatin & centrosomes