Lee Sociology Test 3

Front 1

The recognized violation of cultural norms

Back 1

Deviance

Front 2

Attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior

Back 2

Social control

Front 3

The organizations––police, courts, and prison officials––that respond to alleged violations of the law

Back 3

Criminal justice system

Front 4

–Focus on abnormality
–Explain human behavior as the result of biological instincts

Back 4

Biological theories of deviance

Front 5

–Focus on individual abnormality
–See deviance as the result of "unsuccessful socialization"

Back 5

Psychological theories of deviance

Front 6

–What is deviant varies from place to place according to cultural norms
–Behavior and individuals become deviant as others define them that way
–What and who a society defines as deviant reflect who has social power and who does not

Back 6

Sociological theories of deviance

Front 7

explains deviance in terms of society's cultural goals and the means available to achieve them

Back 7

Merton's Strain Theory

Front 8

The idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions

Back 8

Labeling theory

Front 9

A powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self–concept and social identity

Back 9

Stigma

Front 10

The transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition

Back 10

Medicalization of deviance

Front 11

links deviance to how much others encourage or discourage such behavior

Back 11

differential association theory

Front 12

States that imagining the possible consequences of deviance often discourages such behavior.

People who are well integrated into society are less likely to engage in deviant behavior.

Back 12

control theory

Front 13

crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations

Back 13

White–collar crime

Front 14

The illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf

Back 14

Corporate crime

Front 15

A business supplying illegal goods or services

Back 15

Organized crime

Front 16

A criminal act against a person or a person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias

Back 16

Hate crime

Front 17

The violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law

Back 17

Crime

Front 18

Crimes that direct violence or threat of violence against others

Back 18

Crimes against the person

Front 19

Crimes that involve theft of money or property belonging to others

Back 19

Crime against property

Front 20

Violations of law in which there are no obvious victims

Back 20

Victimless crimes

Front 21

a legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces charges in exchange for a defendant's guilty plea

Back 21

plea bargaining

Front 22

an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime

Back 22

retribution

Front 23

the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment

Back 23

deterrence

Front 24

a program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses

Back 24

rehabilitation

Front 25

Rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution

Back 25

Societal protection

Front 26

Later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes

Back 26

Criminal recidivism

Front 27

correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls

Back 27

community–based corrections

Front 28

A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy

Back 28

Social stratification

Front 29

A change in position within the social hierarchy

Back 29

Social mobility

Front 30

Social stratification based on ascription, or birth

Back 30

Caste system

Front 31

Social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement

Back 31

Class system

Front 32

Social stratification based on personal merit

Back 32

Meritocracy

Front 33

The degree of uniformity in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality

Back 33

Status consistency

Front 34

A shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts

Back 34

Structural social mobility

Front 35

Cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality

Back 35

Ideology

Front 36

The functional analysis claiming that social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society

Back 36

Davis–Moore thesis

Front 37

People who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits

Back 37

Capitalists

Front 38

People who sell their labor for wages

Back 38

Proletarians

Front 39

The experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness

Back 39

Alienation

Front 40

Lower–prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labor

Back 40

Blue–collar occupations

Front 41

Higher–prestige jobs that involve mostly mental activity

Back 41

White–collar occupations

Front 42

A composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality

Back 42

Socioeconomic status

Front 43

Buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position

Back 43

Conspicuous consumption

Front 44

Earnings from work or investments

Back 44

Income

Front 45

The total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts

Back 45

Wealth

Front 46

A change in social position occuring during a person's lifetime

Back 46

Intragenerational social mobility

Front 47

Upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents

Back 47

Intergenerational social mobility

Front 48

The lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more

Back 48

Relative poverty

Front 49

A lack of resources that is life–threatening

Back 49

Absolute poverty

Front 50

The trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor

Back 50

Feminization of poverty

Front 51

Principles of Social Stratification

Back 51

1. trait of society, not simply a reflection of social differences
2. carries over from generation to generation
3. universal but variable
4. involved not just inequality, but beliefs as well

Front 52

Why no Marxist Revolution?

Back 52

1. Fragmentation of the capitalist class
2. A higher standard of living
3. More worker organizations
4. Greater legal protections

Front 53

What country has the highest level of income equality?

Back 53

Brazil

Front 54

Trends negatively affecting the American dream

Back 54

1. For many workers, earnings have stalled
2. More jobs offer little income
3. The recent recession brought economic decline
4. Young people are remaining at home

Front 55

global stratification

Back 55

system of stratification in which countries are the units

Front 56

gross national income

Back 56

measures total output of goods and services produced by residents of a country each year

Front 57

power

Back 57

the ability of a country to exercise control over other countries

Front 58

core countries

Back 58

the countries with the most power in the world economic system

Front 59

semiperipheral countries

Back 59

semi–industrialized and represent somewhat of a middle class

Front 60

peripheral countries

Back 60

poor, largely agricultural countries of the world

Front 61

first–world countries

Back 61

industrialized capitalizt countries of the world

Front 62

second–world countries

Back 62

socialist countries

Front 63

third–world countries

Back 63

countries that are poor, underdeveloped, largely rural, and with high levels of poverty

Front 64

international division of labor

Back 64

not tied to place but can employ cheap labor anywhere

Front 65

modernization theory

Back 65

views the economic development of countries as stemming from technological change

Front 66

dependency theory

Back 66

the poverty of low income countries is a direct result of their political and economic dependance on the wealthy countries

Front 67

colonialism

Back 67

system by which Western nations became wealthy by taking raw materials from colonized societies and reaping profits from products finished in the homeland

Front 68

neocolonialism

Back 68

a form of control of the poor countries by the rich countries but without direct political or military involvement

Front 69

multinational corporations

Back 69

companies that draw a large share of their profits from overseas investments and that conduct business across national borders

Front 70

world systems theory

Back 70

each country, no matter how remote, is tied in many ways to other countries in the world

Front 71

commodity chain

Back 71

the network of production and labor processes by which a product becomes a finished commodity

Front 72

world cities

Back 72

cities that are closely linked through the system of international commerce

Front 73

terrorism

Back 73

premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets

Front 74

relative poverty

Back 74

poverty in America is rich compared to other nations

Front 75

absolute poverty

Back 75

the situation in which people live on less than $1 a day

Front 76

extreme poverty

Back 76

the situation in which people live on less than $275 a year

Front 77

human poverty index

Back 77

multidimensional measure of poverty. 4 dimensions: long and healthy life, knowledge, economic well–being, social inclusion