Lecture Test One A And P

Front 1

atom

Back 1

Basic unit of all matter

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Protons

Back 2

Positively charged particles in the nucleus

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Neutron

Back 3

Neutral particles in the nucleus

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Electron cloud

Back 4

Large area of mostly empty space around nucleus, more than 99% of atoms value and less than 1% of atoms mass

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Electrons

Back 5

Charged particles in electron cloud

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Periodic table of elements

Back 6

An element is a piece of matter made of only one kind of atom all are neutral

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Atomic number

Back 7

The number at the top of the box the number of protons in an atom-- identifies to which element an atom belongs- the number of electrons

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Mass number

Back 8

The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom (always a whole number)

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isotopes

Back 9

Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers

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Isotopes

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Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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Electron configuration

Back 11

Electrons are held in the energy levels first energy level to second energy level 8

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Valence electrons

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Electrons in the outermost energy level --how the periodic table is arranged

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Octet rule

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Rule of eight, 8 valence electrons and is a stable configuration of electrons exception to valence electrons in the first energy level is stable-- helium

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Ionic bonding

Back 14

Electrons are transferred from one atom to another in order to satisfy the octet rule

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Ions

Back 15

Atom with a charge of positive or negative

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Cation

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Is a positively charged ion

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Anion

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A negatively charged ion

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Compounds

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Ionic bonding creates charged components that can be pulled apart by water or solvent

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Electrolyte

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Are ions

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Covalent bonding

Back 20

Electrons shared between atoms in order to satisfy the octet rule

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Diatomic molecules

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Two atoms of the same element bonded together

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Structural formula

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series of - for single, double, or triple covalent bonds

Hint 22

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Elements commonly used by the body

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Carbon nitrogen phosphorus oxygen hydrogen

Hint 23

Front 24

Property of water

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is an excellent solvent makes the solution of many substances

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Property of water to brake compounds

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Thanks I own it compounds into individual ions do the water's polarity

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Acids

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Anytime there is more hydrogen ions in the solution it is a

Front 27

Bases

Back 27

Anytime there are fewer hyrdrogen then hydroxide ions in solution is

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Neutrals

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Anytime hydrogen and hydroxide ions in solution are equal

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Acid

Back 29

Molecules that I hadn't hydrogen ions to make a solution acidic

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Base

Back 30

Molecule that adds Oh - to a solution or remove hydrogen from the solution and does makes a solution more basic or alkaline

Front 31

PH scale

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Scale 0 acid ,7.0 is neutral, and 14 is basic or alkaline

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Alkalosis

Back 32

PH above 7.45

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Acidosis

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PH below 7.35

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Buffers

Back 34

Regulate pH weak acids and bases

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Acid

Back 35

If the pH of the body rises and becomes too basic then buffers act as

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Bases

Back 36

If the pH of the body falls and becomes too acidic then buffers act as bases and these buffers remove hydrogen ions from the solution

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Polymer

Back 37

Long-chain molecule made up of repeating units

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Monomer

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Repeating unit of a polymer

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Carbohydrate

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Sugar starts glycogen cellulose

Front 40

Monosaccharides

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Simple ring structures example glucose

Hint 40

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Isomers

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Have same chemical formula but different structural formula examples glactose and fructose

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Disaccharides

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Two monosaccharides join together using dehydration synthesis reaction

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Disaccharide example

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Maltose equal to glucose sucrose equal one glucose and one fructose lactose equals 1 glucose and 1 galactose

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polysaccharides

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Many monosaccharides joined together using the hydration synthesis reactions example starch is a polymer of glucose used by plants to store energy

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Glycogen

Back 45

Polymer of glucose used by humans to store energy liver skeletal muscle

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Cellulose

Back 46

Polymer of glucose used by plants as a structual molecule cell wall adds fiber

Front 47

Dehydration synthesis

Back 47

reaction used to build macromolecules of the body or remove a molecule harder in order to join molecules together

Front 48

Hydrolysis

Back 48

Reaction used to break molecules apart atom molecule of water to break molecules apart

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Lipids

Back 49

Fats oils and waxes macromolecules insoluble in water much less oxygen than carbohydrates

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Fatty acids

Back 50

fatty acids contain a carboxyl group at one end and a hydrocarbon chain can be either saturated or unsaturated saturated fatty acid accentuated with hydrogen all single covalent bonds between carbon atoms each carbon can hold 2 hydrogen

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Unsaturated fatty acids

Back 51

Fewer H atoms one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms

Front 52

Glycerides

Back 52

Consist of a molecule of glycerol and fatty acids 3 fatty acids make triglyceride or fat

Front 53

Steroids

Back 53

All have the same for ring structures example cholesterol used to make other steroids used in cell membrane hormones adrenal glands gonads ovaries testes

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Phospholipids

Back 54

Phosphate head hydrophilic and water loving fatty acid tails hydrophobic water fearing repels water is a polar molecule

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Micelle

Back 55

Ball of phospholipids normally used in digestive system has a bilayer make up cell membranes

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Bilayer

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Make up cell membranes will be important in cell transport

Front 57

Proteins

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Fundamental two bodies function and structure made up of amino acids 20 different amino acids and are polymers

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Amino acids

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1 all have the same basic structure to all contain carboxyl group an amino group 3 join together using dehydration synthesis reaction always the carbon carboxyl group joins to the nitrogen amino acid group carbon to nitrogen bond is a peptide

Front 59

Primary structure

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Sequence of amino acids

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Secondary structure

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Small scale bending folding coiling of the polypeptide chain certain amino acids are all attracted to each other

Front 61

Tertiary structure

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Large-scale bending folding coiling of the polypeptide chain give a protein its unique 3d dimensional shape 3d shape is called conformation if a protein loses its conformation it loses its function

Front 62

Quaternary structure

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Different polypeptide chains combined into a single protein different chains are called subunits example hemoglobin protein located in red blood cells

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Some proteins

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Ascetic groups not amino acid molecule built into protein example hemoglobin contains molecules of scheme contains Fe or iron protein is important in everything the body does and builds

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The nature of protein

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Protein that loses its shape or conformation and no longer functions

Front 65

Agents of protein denature

Back 65

High temperature pH shifts ionic shift

Front 66

Nucleic acids

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DNA and RNA polymers of nucleotide phosphate group monosaccharides nitrogen base

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RNA

Back 67

Is a single strand of nucleotides uses the sugar fibrose different base then DNA

Front 68

DNA

Back 68

Is a double strand of nucleotide bases bond to each other rival nucleic acid deoxyribose nucleic acid

Front 69

DNA and RNA 5 different bases

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cytosine guanine Adinene thiamine uracil. complimentary bases---only combine in certain combinations

Front 70

Cell membrane

Back 70

Made up of a phospholipid bilayer to Rows hydrophilic hydrophobic

Front 71

Peripheral proteins antigens

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Do not spend the width of the membrane or marker molecules

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Receptors

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Allow the cell to respond to the presence of specific molecules example hormones

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Integral protein

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Span the width of the membrane

Front 74

Channel proteins

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Small opening gated can open or close charged positive or negative

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Carrier proteins

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Changes confirmation to transport molecules across the membrane

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Ion pumps

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Carry ions across membranes

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Diffusion

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The movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration high to low concentration gradient diffusion results from natural molecular motion

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No net diffusion

Back 78

Both sides are equal

Front 79

4 factors that influence rate of diffusion

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1--Temperature if temperature increases rate of diffusion increases if temperature decreases the rate of diffusion decreases temperature affects molecular motion --2--size of particles --3-concentration gradient and --4 -distance

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Lipid solubility and diffusion

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Ability for something to dissolve in fat lipid soluble molecules can freely dissolve the most substances dissolve in each other example lipid molecules fatty acids steroids and gases

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Diffusion across the membrane size of molecules and channels

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Open channels are so small only small molecules can diffuse through example h2o

Front 82

Diffusion across the membrane charges on the particles and channels

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Need an office only charge channel to move things through important for ions

Front 83

Osmosis

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Diffusion of water across a cell membrane

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Isotonic solution

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Equal volume concentration of a solution is equal to the solid concentration of a cell no net movement or diffusion

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Hypertonic solution

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Higher solu concentration outside the cell than inside the cell anything about 0.9 morsel you means less water water higher in cell water diffuses out of cell cell shrivels

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Hypotonic solution

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Lower solute concentration than in the solution inside a cell cell swells cell can explode water higher outside side when water diffuses into cell

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Diffusion and osmosis

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Require no cellular energy

Front 88

Filtration

Back 88

Movement of water and saw you to cross-sell barriers results from high hydrostatic pressure examples capillaries and blood pressure provide hydrostatic pressure

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Facilitated diffusion

Back 89

Use carrier proteins to move large non lipid molecules across the membrane carrier proteins change confirmation to move molecules across the membrane

Front 90

Characteristics of facilitated diffusion

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Move along concentration gradient high to low to specific carriers move specific molecules example glucose carrier proteins 3 often require signal molecules to bind to a receptor before the carrier changes its shape example glucose insulin is a signal molecule for glucose carriers

Front 91

Rate of facilitated diffusion depends on

Back 91

A the number of carriers NB abundance of signal molecules does not require energy is a type of diffusion

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Active processes--- active transport

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Requires cellular energy active transport ion pumps move ions against a concentration gradient low-to-high example sodium potassium pump in nueron

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Endocytosis

Back 93

So brings in large quantities of material involves changes in cell membrane

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Pinocytosis

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Fluid brought into cell

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Phagocytosis

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Cell brings in large cellular material phagocytes example white blood cells lysosomes digest cellular material

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Exocytosis

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cell secretes large quantities of material involves Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles involves changes in the cell membrane ie.. gland cells